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Table EYE-11. School surveys: percentage lifetime prevalence of psychoactive substance use among students aged 15–16 years

Country		Year	Reference	Project	Sample all ages	Sample 15–16 years	Cannabis	Inhalants/ volatile substances	Amphet amines	Ecstasy	LSD and other hallucinogens	Cocaine	Heroin
Belgium (Flemish)		1998		HBSC(WHO)	8667		19	4	3	5	2	1	1
Belgium (Flemish)	(19)	1999	(1)	VAD	47657		24	4	7	4	4	2	1
Belgium (Flemish)		2000		HBSC(WHO)	4989		21	4	3	3	3	1	1
Belgium (Flemish)	(19)	2000	(2)	VAD	82375		24	4	5	4	4	2	1
Belgium (Flemish)	(19)	2001-2002	(3)	VAD	35114		32	8	6	6	6	3	4
Belgium (Flemish)		2002		HBSC(WHO)Ext	6289	2030	25	3	3	4	3	1	1
Belgium (Flemish)		2002-2003	(4)	VAD	1576	512	24	7	3	3	3	3	2
Belgium (Flemish)		2003-2004	(5)	VAD	1498	460	31	5	4	6	4	2	2
Belgium (Flemish)		2004-2005	(6)	VAD	1500	467	25	4	3	4	3	2	2
Belgium (Flemish)		2006		HBSC(WHO)Ext	10404	1578	26	3	3	4	2	3	1
Belgium (french speaking )		1997-98		HBSC(WHO)	12987		26	5	5	5	2	1	2
Belgium (french speaking )		2002		HBSC(WHO)Ext	4323	1381	26	4	1	4	6	2	1
Belgium (french speaking )		2006		HBSC(WHO)Ext		1375
Belgium		2003		ESPAD		2320	32	7	2	4	3	3	1
Belgium	(16)	2007		ESPAD		1889	24	8	5	5	3	4	1
Bulgaria		1999		ESPAD		5391	12	3	1	1	1	1	3
Bulgaria		2003		ESPAD		2740	21	3	2	3	2	2	1
Bulgaria		2007		ESPAD		2353	22	3	6	6	3	3	2
Czech Republic		1995		ESPAD		2962	22	8	2	0	3	1	1
Czech Republic		1999		ESPAD		3579	35	7	5	4	5	1	3
Czech Republic	(1)	2002		HBSC(WHO)Ext	5012	1660	31	7	2	5	3		1
Czech Republic		2003		ESPAD		3195	44	9	4	8	6	1	1
Czech Republic		2006		HBSC(WHO)Ext		1665	25	9	2	2
Czech Republic		2007		ESPAD		3901	45	7	3	5	5	1	1
Denmark		1995		ESPAD		2439	17	6	2	1	0	0	2
Denmark		1999		ESPAD		1790	24	7	4	3	1	1	1
Denmark		2002		HBSC(WHO)	4672	1380	23
Denmark		2003		ESPAD		2978	23	8	4	2	1	2	1
Denmark	(22)	2007		ESPAD		877	25	6	5	5	1	3	2
Germany	(2)	2002		HBSC(WHO)	5650	1749	24
Germany	(16)	2003		ESPAD		5110	27	11	5	3	3	2	1
Germany	(16)	2007		ESPAD		5011	20	11	5	3	2	3	1
Estonia		1995		ESPAD		3118	7	8	0	0	1	0	0
Estonia		1999		ESPAD		3254	13	7	7	3	2	2	1
Estonia	(3)	2002		HBSC(WHO)	3979	1267	17
Estonia		2003		ESPAD		2463	23	8	7	5	2	1	1
Estonia		2007		ESPAD		2372	26	9	4	6	3	2	1
Ireland		1995		ESPAD		1849	37		3	9	13	2	2
Ireland		1998	(1)		8497		22	13	4	3	3	2	2
Ireland		1999		ESPAD		2277	32	22	3	5	5	2	2
Ireland		2002		HBSC(WHO)Short	2875	919	20
Ireland		2003		ESPAD		2407	39	18	1	5	2	3	1
Ireland		2007		ESPAD		2221	20	15	3	4	3	4	1
Greece	(4)	1995	(1)			2617	2	6	4		1	0	0
Greece		1998	(2)		8557		10	14	4	2	3	2	1
Greece		1999		ESPAD		2259	9	14	1	2	2	1	2
Greece		2002		HBSC(WHO)Short	3807	1324	5	6		2
Greece		2003		ESPAD		1906	6	15	0	2	1	1	1
Greece		2007		ESPAD		3060	6	9	3	2	2	1	1
Spain	(5)(19)	1996	(1)	PNSD	19191		25	3	4	4	5	3	1
Spain	(5)(19)	1998	(1)	PNSD	18346		28	4	4	3	5	4	1
Spain	(5)(19)	2000	(1)	PNSD	18348		30	4	3	5	5	4	1
Spain	(5)(19)	2002	(1)	PNSD	25770		36	3	4	5	4	6	1
Spain		2002		HBSC(WHO)	5827	1756	35
Spain	(19)	2004	(1)	PNSD			41	4	3	3	3	6	1
Spain	(19)	2006	(1)	PNSD			36	3	3	3	4	4	1
Spain	(23)	2007		PNSD			37	3	3	3	4	4	1
France	(4)	1995	(1)				12	6	2		1	1	1
France	(6)	1997	(2)		9919		23	6	2	3		2	1
France		1999		ESPAD	12113	2284	35	11	2	3	1	2	1
France		2002		HBSC(WHO)Ext	8185	2614	30
France	(1)	2003		ESPAD		2199	38	11	2	3	1	3	2
France		2007		ESPAD		2916	31	12	4	4	2	5	3
Italy		1995		ESPAD		1555	19	8	3	4	5	3	2
Italy		1999		ESPAD		4106	25	6	2	2	2	2	4
Italy	(14)(19)	2000	(1)		21933	4587	28	5	1	3	3	3	5
Italy	(7)(14)(19)	2001	(2)		22358	4485	27	5	1	1	2	2	2
Italy	(8)(14)(19)	2002	(3)		16934		19	4	1	2	1	2	0
Italy		2002		HBSC(WHO)	4386	1229	22
Italy		2003		ESPAD		4871	27	6	3	3	3	4	4
Italy	(14)(19)	2004	(4)		30172	11691	19	4	1	1	2	2	2
Italy	(14)(19)	2005	(5)		40662	15633	17	4	1	1	2	2	2
Italy		2007		ESPAD		9981	23	5	4	3	4	5	3
Cyprus		1995		ESPAD		632	5	7	1	2	2	2	2
Cyprus		1999		ESPAD		2095	2		1	1	1	1	2
Cyprus		2003		ESPAD		2152	4	18	0	0	0	0	0
Cyprus	(17)(19)	2004	(1)		915		6			4
Cyprus		2007		ESPAD		6340	5	16	3	3	2	3	2
Latvia		1995		ESPAD		2179	5	17	0	0	1	0	0
Latvia		1999		ESPAD		2284	17	6	4	6	3	2	7
Latvia		2002		HBSC(WHO)	3481	1117	12
Latvia		2003		ESPAD		2841	16	7	3	3	1	1	1
Latvia		2007		ESPAD		2275	18	13	6	7	4	2	1
Lithuania		1995		ESPAD		3196	1	16	0	0	0	1	0
Lithuania		1999		ESPAD		5039	12	10	2	4	1	1	4
Lithuania		2002		HBSC(WHO)Short	5645	1905	8
Lithuania		2003		ESPAD		5036	13	5	5	2	2	1	1
Lithuania		2007		ESPAD		2411	18	3	3	3	2	2	1
Luxembourg	(9)	1999	(1)			562	37			6	6	11	3
Luxembourg		2002		HBSC(WHO)	7347		28	4	3	2	1	2	1
Luxembourg		2005/6		HBSC(WHO)		1507	23
Hungary		1995		ESPAD		2571	4	6	0	0	1	0	0
Hungary		1999		ESPAD		6421	11	4	2	3	3	1	1
Hungary		2002		HBSC(WHO)	4164	1330	13
Hungary		2003		ESPAD		2677	16	5	3	3	2	1	1
Hungary		2007		ESPAD		2817	13	8	4	5	3	2	1
Malta		1995		ESPAD		2832	8	17	1	2	2	2	1
Malta		1999		ESPAD		4321	7	16	1	2	1	1	1
Malta		2002		HBSC(WHO)	1980	667	6
Malta		2003		ESPAD		3500	10	16	1	1	1	1	1
Malta		2007		ESPAD		3668	13	16	5	4	2	4	1
Netherlands		1996	(1)		10455		31		8	8		4	1
Netherlands	(10)	1999	(2)			2615	28		2	4		3	1
Netherlands		2002		HBSC(WHO)	4269	1273	26
Netherlands		2003		ESPAD		2095	28	6	1	5	2	3	1
Netherlands		2007		ESPAD		2091	28	6	2	4	3	3	1
Austria	(11)	1994	(1)		2250		10					2
Austria		2002		HBSC(WHO)	4472	1298	14
Austria		2003		ESPAD		2402	21	14	4	3	2	2	1
Austria		2007		ESPAD		2571	17	14	8	3	2	3	1
Poland		1995		ESPAD		8940	8	9	2	1	2	1	1
Poland		1999		ESPAD			14	9	7	3	4	2	5
Poland		2002		HBSC(WHO)Ext	6383	2152	18
Poland		2003		ESPAD		5964	18	9	5	3	2	2	2
Poland		2005	(1)				14	8	4	3	2	2	1
Poland		2007		ESPAD		2120	16	6	4	4	2	2	2
Portugal		1995		ESPAD		2033	7	3	2	1	0	0	0
Portugal		1999		ESPAD		3609	8	3	3	2	1	1	3
Portugal	(12)	2002		HBSC(WHO)	2940	802	20
Portugal		2003		ESPAD		2946	15	8	3	4	2	3	2
Portugal		2007		ESPAD		3141	13	4	2	2	1	2	2
Romania		1999		ESPAD		2393	1	1	0	0	0	1	8
Romania		2003		ESPAD		4371	3	1	0	1	0	1	0
Romania		2007		ESPAD		2289	4	4	1	1	1	2	0
Slovenia		1995		ESPAD		3306	13	12	0	1	1	1	1
Slovenia		1999		ESPAD		3184	25	14	1	4	2	1	2
Slovenia		2002		HBSC(WHO)	3956	1069	28
Slovenia		2003		ESPAD		2785	28	15	1	3	1	1	1
Slovenia		2007		ESPAD		3085	22	16	2	3	2	3	2
Slovakia		1995		ESPAD		2376	9	6	1	0	1	1	1
Slovakia		1999		ESPAD		2442	19	7	1	2	3	0	2
Slovakia		2003		ESPAD		2276	27	9	2	3	2	1	0
Slovakia		2006		National survey	3831	1745	25	6	3	3	2	1	1
Slovakia		2007		ESPAD		2468	32	13	2	6	4	3	1
Finland		1995		ESPAD		2300	5	4	0	0	1	0	0
Finland		1999		ESPAD		3286	10	5	1	1	1	1	1
Finland		2002		HBSC(WHO)	5388	1745	10
Finland		2003		ESPAD		3543	11	8	1	1	1	0	1
Finland		2007		ESPAD		4988	8	10	1	2	1	1	1
Sweden		1995		ESPAD		3472	6	12	1	1	1	0	0
Sweden		1998	(1)	CAN		5455	7	8	1	1	1	1	1
Sweden		1999		ESPAD		3445	8	8	1	1	1	1	1
Sweden		2000	(1)	CAN		6000	8	9	2	1	1	1	1
Sweden		2001	(1)	CAN		5500	7	8	1	1	1	1	1
Sweden		2002	(1)	CAN		approx5000	7	8	1	1	1	1	1
Sweden		2002		HBSC(WHO)	3926	1226	7
Sweden		2003	(1)	CAN		approx5000	6	7	1	1	0	0	1
Sweden		2003		ESPAD		3232	7	8	1	2	1	1	1
Sweden		2004	(1)	CAN		120000	6	7	1	1	1	1	1
Sweden		2005	(1)	CAN	130000	5514	6	8	1	1	0	0	0
Sweden		2007		ESPAD		3179	7	9	2	2	2	2	1
United Kingdom		1995		ESPAD		7722	41	20	13	8	14	3	2
United Kingdom		1997	(1)		28756		38	4	7	3	3	2	1
United Kingdom		1999		ESPAD		2641	35	15	8	3	5	3	3
United Kingdom		2003		ESPAD		2068	38	12	3	5	2	4	1
United Kingdom		2007		ESPAD		2179	29	9	2	4	3	5	1
UK (England)	(13)(15)(19)	1998	(1)	NatCen/NFER	4752		30	6	8	3	3	3	1
UK (England)	(15)(19)	2000	(1)	NatCen/NFER	7061		31	6	4	4	5	2	2
UK (England)	(15)(19)	2001	(1)	NatCen/NFER	9400		36	19	4	5	7	3	2
UK (England)	(15)(19)	2002	(1)	NatCen/NFER	9859		36	16	4	5	6	4	2
UK (England)		2002		HBSC(WHO)	6081	1773	40
UK (England)	(15)(18)	2003	(1)	NatCen/NFER			37	18	4	5	7	5	2
UK (England)	(15)(18)	2004	(1)	NatCen/NFER	9666	2112	33	15	4	4	6	6	2
UK (England)	(15)	2005	(1)	NatCen/NFER	8548	1907	34	17	3	5	6	6	1
UK (England)	(15)	2006	(1)	NatCen/NFER	7613	1841	29	14	3	4	6	5	1
UK (Scotland)	(15)(19)	1998	(1)	Scottish Gov	3538		38	9	12	4	7	1	0
UK (Scotland)	(15)(19)	2000	(1)	Scottish Gov	4700		28	5	2	4	2	2	1
UK (Scotland)	(15)(19)	2002	(1)	Scottish Gov	23000
UK (Scotland)		2002		HBSC(WHO)	4404	1149	37
UK (Scotland)	(15)(19)	2004	(1)	Scottish Gov			35	6	4	5	4	3	2
UK (Scotland)	(15)(19)	2006	(1)	Scottish Gov	23017	11980	25	5	3	5	4	5	2
UK (England)	(3)(4)	2007	1	NatCen/NFER	1829		27	17	3	4	5	6	1
UK (N.Ireland)	(3)(4)	2007	1	National Agency		17	11	3	5	4	5	1
UK (Wales)		1998		HBSC(WHO)	1238		36	15	14	5	7	2	1
UK (Wales)		2002		HBSC(WHO)	3887	1164	34
Croatia		1995		ESPAD		2815	9	13	1	2	1	1	1
Croatia		1999		ESPAD		3602	16	13	2	3	2	1	4
Croatia		2003		ESPAD		2884	22	14	2	5	1	1	1
Croatia		2007		ESPAD		3008	18	11	2	2	2	2	1
Turkey	(16)	2003		ESPAD		4177	4	5	2	2	2	2	2
Norway		1995		ESPAD		3910	6	7	1	2	1	1	1
Norway		1999		ESPAD		3918	12	6	3	3	2	1	2
Norway		2003		ESPAD		3833	9	5	2	2	1	1	1
Norway		2007		ESPAD		3482	6	7	1	1	1	1	1
United States of America	(20)(21)	2005	(1)	NIDA		16200	34	13	11	4	6	5	2

Notes:

This table presents data on 15- to 16-year-old school students obtained from national surveys. Exceptionally, some relevant regional surveys are presented. In all of the school surveys the method for data collection was classroom-based, anonymous, self-completion questionnaires in written test conditions.

Figures from surveys with small sample sizes should be interpreted with caution.

Previously published figures may have been revised and therefore are not necessarily comparable with those in previous EMCDDA publications.

Caution is required comparing figures due to methodological limitations. For methods and definitions see Methods and definitions: youth and the schools population.

ESPAD

ESPAD (European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other drugs) is coordinated by the Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other drugs (CAN) and Council of Europe (Pompidou Group). ESPAD prevalence figures are taken from published ESPAD reports and may differ sometimes from those reported directly by Member States. The sample sizes given refer to the number of participating 15- to 16-year-old students who filled in the questionnaire.

HBSC (WHO)

HBSC (Health behaviour in school-aged children) introduced mandatory cannabis questions for the first time in 2001/02. Two optional extended questionnaires (Ext and Short) include other drugs. These questions are based on the ESPAD questionnaire.

(1) LSD and other hallucinogens: includes LSD only.

(2) HBSC German figures are based on regional samples only (Berlin, Hessen, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony).

(3) Heroin: excludes heroin smoking.

(4) Data included in 1995 ESPAD report but not strictly comparable (based on an earlier survey).

(5) Ecstasy: includes other synthetic drugs. LSD and other hallucinogens: includes poppers/amyl nitrate.

(6) Ecstasy: includes LSD.

(7) Cocaine: includes cocaine powder only. Heroin: includes only by smoking heroin.

(8) LSD and other hallucinogens: includes LSD only. Cocaine: includes cocaine powder only. Heroin: includes only by smoking heroin.

(9) Interpret with caution as sample size is small.

(10) Figures included in 1999 ESPAD report but not strictly comparable, as the sample was not drawn according to ESPAD guidelines.

(11) Cocaine: includes 'hard' drugs.

(12) Caution is required comparing figures from Portugal as the mean age of the sample is higher than in any other EU Member State.

(13) Cocaine: includes cocaine powder only.

(14) ESPAD methods are adopted to varying degrees.

(15) Only 15 year-old students are included in UK ONS and Scottish Executive school surveys.

(16) ESPAD 2003 Germany figures are based on six regions only (Bavaria, Brandenburg, Berlin, Hesse, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Thuringia). ESPAD 2007 Germany figures are based on these plus Saarland. Turkey figures are based on one major city in each of six different regions (Adana, Ankara, Diyarbakir, Istanbul, Izmir and Samsun). ESPAD 2007 Belgium figures are based on Flanders only.

(17) Interpret with caution as sample size is small and private and vocational schools are excluded.

(18) Inhalants excludes poppers/amyl nitrate which are included in 'other' drugs.

(19) The sample size given for these surveys is for a wider age range than 15 to 16 years.

(20) Inhalants are adjusted for under-reporting of butyl nitrites.

(21) Amphetamines includes only drug use not under a doctor's order.

(22) ESPAD 2007 data for Denmark has limited comparability.

(23) Spain did not participate in the ESPAD survey. The data included here is based on a Spanish survey conducted in 2006/2007. Drug prevalence questions may be considered comparable to the ESPAD questions but other aspects of the method mean that the Spanish data is not strictly comparable.

Sources:

See Table EYE-0 for further information on sources. School surveys: sources.

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