Table EYE-11. School surveys: percentage lifetime prevalence of psychoactive substance use among students aged 15–16 years

Country		Year	Reference	Project	Sample all ages	Sample 15–16 years	Cannabis	Inhalants/ volatile substances	Amphet amines	Ecstasy	LSD and other hallucinogens	Cocaine	Heroin
Belgium (Flemish)		1998		HBSC(WHO)	8667	:	19	4	3	5	2	1	1
Belgium (Flemish)	(19)	1999	(1)	VAD	47657	:	24	4	7	4	4	2	1
Belgium (Flemish)		2000		HBSC(WHO)	4989	:	21	4	3	3	3	1	1
Belgium (Flemish)	(19)	2000	(2)	VAD	82375	:	24	4	5	4	4	2	1
Belgium (Flemish)	(19)	2001-2002	(3)	VAD	35114	:	32	8	6	6	6	3	4
Belgium (Flemish)		2002		HBSC(WHO)Ext	6289	2030	25	3	3	4	3	1	1
Belgium (Flemish)		2002-2003	(4)	VAD	1576	512	24	7	3	3	3	3	2
Belgium (Flemish)		2003-2004	(5)	VAD	1498	460	31	5	4	6	4	2	2
Belgium (Flemish)		2004-2005	(6)	VAD	1500	467	25	4	3	4	3	2	2
Belgium (Flemish)		2008	(6)	VAD	:	2168	21	:	3	4	2	2	1
Belgium (Flemish)		2006		HBSC(WHO)Ext	10404	1578	26	3	3	4	2	3	1
Belgium (french speaking )		1997-98		HBSC(WHO)	12987	:	26	5	5	5	2	1	2
Belgium (french speaking )		2002		HBSC(WHO)Ext	4323	1381	26	4	1	4	6	2	1
Belgium (french speaking )		2006		HBSC(WHO)Ext	:	1375	:	:	:	:	:	:	:
Belgium		2003		ESPAD	:	2320	32	7	2	4	3	3	1
Belgium	(16)	2007		ESPAD	:	1889	24	8	5	5	3	4	1
Bulgaria		1999		ESPAD	:	5391	12	3	1	1	1	1	3
Bulgaria		2003		ESPAD	:	2740	21	3	2	3	2	2	1
Bulgaria		2007		ESPAD	:	2353	22	3	6	6	3	3	2
Czech Republic		1995		ESPAD	:	2962	22	8	2	0	3	1	1
Czech Republic		1999		ESPAD	:	3579	35	7	5	4	5	1	3
Czech Republic	(1)	2002		HBSC(WHO)Ext	5012	1660	31	7	2	5	3	:	1
Czech Republic		2003		ESPAD	:	3195	44	9	4	8	6	1	1
Czech Republic		2006		HBSC(WHO)Ext	:	1665	25	9	2	2	:	:	:
Czech Republic		2007		ESPAD	:	3901	45	7	3	5	5	1	1
Denmark		1995		ESPAD	:	2439	17	6	2	1	0	0	2
Denmark		1999		ESPAD	:	1790	24	7	4	3	1	1	1
Denmark		2002		HBSC(WHO)	4672	1380	23	:	:	:	:	:	:
Denmark		2003		ESPAD	:	2978	23	8	4	2	1	2	1
Denmark	(22)	2007		ESPAD	:	877	25	6	5	5	1	3	2
Germany	(2)	2002		HBSC(WHO)	5650	1749	24	:	:	:	:	:	:
Germany	(16)	2003		ESPAD	:	5110	27	11	5	3	3	2	1
Germany	(16)	2007		ESPAD	:	5011	20	11	5	3	2	3	1
Estonia		1995		ESPAD	:	3118	7	8	0	0	1	0	0
Estonia		1999		ESPAD	:	3254	13	7	7	3	2	2	1
Estonia	(3)	2002		HBSC(WHO)	3979	1267	17	:	:	:	:	:	:
Estonia		2003		ESPAD	:	2463	23	8	7	5	2	1	1
Estonia		2007		ESPAD	:	2372	26	9	4	6	3	2	1
Ireland		1995		ESPAD	:	1849	37	:	3	9	13	2	2
Ireland		1998	(1)		8497	:	22	13	4	3	3	2	2
Ireland		1999		ESPAD	:	2277	32	22	3	5	5	2	2
Ireland		2002		HBSC(WHO)Short	2875	919	20	:	:	:	:	:	:
Ireland		2003		ESPAD	:	2407	39	18	1	5	2	3	1
Ireland		2007		ESPAD	:	2221	20	15	3	4	3	4	1
Greece	(4)	1995	(1)		:	2617	2	6	4	:	1	0	0
Greece		1998	(2)		8557	:	10	14	4	2	3	2	1
Greece		1999		ESPAD	:	2259	9	14	1	2	2	1	2
Greece		2002		HBSC(WHO)Short	3807	1324	5	6	:	2	:	:	:
Greece		2003		ESPAD	:	1906	6	15	0	2	1	1	1
Greece		2007		ESPAD	:	3060	6	9	3	2	2	1	1
Spain	(5)(19)	1996	(1)	PNSD	19191	:	25	3	4	4	5	3	1
Spain	(5)(19)	1998	(1)	PNSD	18346	:	28	4	4	3	5	4	1
Spain	(5)(19)	2000	(1)	PNSD	18348	:	30	4	3	5	5	4	1
Spain	(5)(19)	2002	(1)	PNSD	25770	:	36	3	4	5	4	6	1
Spain		2002		HBSC(WHO)	5827	1756	35	:	:	:	:	:	:
Spain	(19)	2004	(1)	PNSD	:	:	41	4	3	3	3	6	1
Spain	(19)	2006	(1)	PNSD	:	:	36	3	3	3	4	4	1
Spain	(23)	2007		PNSD	:	:	37	3	3	3	4	4	1
Spain	(23)	2008		PNSD	:	16460	33	2	3	2	3	4	1
France	(4)	1995	(1)		:	:	12	6	2	:	1	1	1
France	(6)	1997	(2)		9919	:	23	6	2	3	:	2	1
France		1999		ESPAD	12113	2284	35	11	2	3	1	2	1
France		2002		HBSC(WHO)Ext	8185	2614	30	:	:	:	:	:	:
France	(1)	2003		ESPAD	:	2199	38	11	2	3	1	3	2
France		2007		ESPAD	:	2916	31	12	4	4	2	5	3
Italy		1995		ESPAD	:	1555	19	8	3	4	5	3	2
Italy		1999		ESPAD	:	4106	25	6	2	2	2	2	4
Italy	(14)	2000	(1)		21933	4587	28	5	1	3	3	3	5
Italy	(7)(14)	2001	(2)		22358	4485	27	5	1	1	2	2	2
Italy	(8)(14)(19)	2002	(3)		16934	:	19	4	1	2	1	2	0
Italy		2002		HBSC(WHO)	4386	1229	22	:	:	:	:	:	:
Italy		2003		ESPAD	:	4871	27	6	3	3	3	4	4
Italy	(14)	2004	(4)		30172	11691	19	4	1	1	2	2	2
Italy	(14)	2005	(5)		40662	15633	17	4	1	1	2	2	2
Italy		2006		ESPAD	:	16717	19	5	1	1	3	3	2
Italy		2007		ESPAD	:	9981	23	5	4	3	4	5	3
Italy	(14)	2008	(5)	ESPAD Italy	:	14667	17	5	2	2	3	3	2
Cyprus		1995		ESPAD	:	632	5	3	1	2	2	2	2
Cyprus		1999		ESPAD	:	2095	2	:	1	1	1	1	2
Cyprus		2003		ESPAD	:	2152	4	18	0	2	0	0	0
Cyprus	(17)(19)	2004	(1)		915	:	6	:	:	4	:	:	:
Cyprus		2007		ESPAD	:	6340	5	16	3	3	2	3	2
Latvia		1995		ESPAD	:	2179	5	17	0	0	1	0	0
Latvia		1999		ESPAD	:	2284	17	6	4	6	3	2	7
Latvia		2002		HBSC(WHO)	3481	1117	12	:	:	:	:	:	:
Latvia		2003		ESPAD	10847	2841	16	7	3	3	1	1	1
Latvia		2007		ESPAD	9833	2275	18	13	6	7	4	2	1
Lithuania		1995		ESPAD	:	3196	1	16	0	0	0	1	0
Lithuania		1999		ESPAD	:	5039	12	10	2	4	1	1	4
Lithuania		2002		HBSC(WHO)Short	5645	1905	8	:	:	:	:	:	:
Lithuania		2003		ESPAD	:	5036	13	5	5	2	2	1	1
Lithuania		2007		ESPAD	:	2411	18	3	3	3	2	2	1
Luxembourg	(9)	1999	(1)		:	562	37	:	:	6	6	11	3
Luxembourg		2002		HBSC(WHO)	7347	:	28	4	3	2	1	2	1
Luxembourg		2005/6		HBSC(WHO)	:	1507	23	:	:	:	:	:	:
Hungary		1995		ESPAD	:	2571	4	6	0	0	1	0	0
Hungary		1999		ESPAD	:	6421	11	4	2	3	3	1	1
Hungary		2002		HBSC(WHO)	4164	1330	13	:	:	:	:	:	:
Hungary		2003		ESPAD	:	2677	16	5	3	3	2	1	1
Hungary		2007		ESPAD	:	2817	13	8	4	5	3	2	1
Malta		1995		ESPAD	:	2832	8	17	1	2	2	2	1
Malta		1999		ESPAD	:	4321	7	16	1	2	1	1	1
Malta		2002		HBSC(WHO)	1980	667	6	:	:	:	:	:	:
Malta		2003		ESPAD	:	3500	10	16	1	1	1	1	1
Malta		2007		ESPAD	:	3668	13	16	5	4	2	4	1
Netherlands		1996	(1)		10455	:	31	:	8	8	:	4	1
Netherlands	(10)	1999	(2)		:	2615	28	:	2	4	:	3	1
Netherlands		2002		HBSC(WHO)	4269	1273	26	:	:	:	:	:	:
Netherlands		2003		ESPAD	:	2095	28	6	1	5	2	3	1
Netherlands		2007		ESPAD	:	2091	28	6	2	4	3	3	1
Austria	(11)	1994	(1)		2250	:	10	:	:	:	:	2	:
Austria		2002		HBSC(WHO)	4472	1298	14	:	:	:	:	:	:
Austria		2003		ESPAD	:	2402	21	14	4	3	2	2	1
Austria		2007		ESPAD	:	2571	17	14	8	3	2	3	1
Poland		1995		ESPAD	:	8940	8	9	2	1	2	1	1
Poland		1999		ESPAD	:	:	14	9	7	3	4	2	5
Poland		2002		HBSC(WHO)Ext	6383	2152	18	:	:	:	:	:	:
Poland		2003		ESPAD	:	5964	18	9	5	3	2	2	2
Poland		2005	(1)		:	:	14	8	4	3	2	2	1
Poland		2007		ESPAD	:	2120	16	6	4	4	2	2	2
Portugal		1995		ESPAD	:	2033	7	3	2	1	0	0	0
Portugal		1999		ESPAD	:	3609	8	3	3	2	1	1	3
Portugal	(12)	2002		HBSC(WHO)	2940	802	20	:	:	:	:	:	:
Portugal		2003		ESPAD	:	2946	15	8	3	4	2	3	2
Portugal		2007		ESPAD	:	3141	13	4	2	2	1	2	2
Romania		1999		ESPAD	:	2393	1	1	0	0	0	1	8
Romania		2003		ESPAD	:	4371	3	1	0	1	0	1	0
Romania		2007		ESPAD	:	2289	4	4	1	1	1	2	0
Slovenia		1995		ESPAD	:	3306	13	12	0	1	1	1	1
Slovenia		1999		ESPAD	:	3184	25	14	1	4	2	1	2
Slovenia		2002		HBSC(WHO)	3956	1069	28	:	:	:	:	:	:
Slovenia		2003		ESPAD	:	2785	28	15	1	3	1	1	1
Slovenia		2007		ESPAD	:	3085	22	16	2	3	2	3	2
Slovakia		1995		ESPAD	:	2376	9	6	1	0	1	1	1
Slovakia		1999		ESPAD	:	2442	19	7	1	2	3	0	2
Slovakia		2003		ESPAD	:	2276	27	9	2	3	2	1	0
Slovakia		2006		National survey	3831	1745	25	6	3	3	2	1	1
Slovakia		2007		ESPAD	:	2468	32	13	2	6	4	3	1
Finland		1995		ESPAD	:	2300	5	4	0	0	1	0	0
Finland		1999		ESPAD	:	3286	10	5	1	1	1	1	1
Finland		2002		HBSC(WHO)	5388	1745	10	:	:	:	:	:	:
Finland		2003		ESPAD	:	3543	11	8	1	1	1	0	1
Finland		2007		ESPAD	:	4988	8	10	1	2	1	1	1
Sweden		1995		ESPAD	:	3472	6	12	1	1	1	0	0
Sweden		1998	(1)	CAN	:	5455	7	8	1	1	1	1	1
Sweden		1999		ESPAD	:	3445	8	8	1	1	1	1	1
Sweden		2000	(1)	CAN	:	6000	8	9	2	1	1	1	1
Sweden		2001	(1)	CAN	:	5500	7	8	1	1	1	1	1
Sweden		2002	(1)	CAN	:	approx5000	7	8	1	1	1	1	1
Sweden		2002		HBSC(WHO)	3926	1226	7	:	:	:	:	:	:
Sweden		2003	(1)	CAN	:	approx5000	6	7	1	1	0	0	1
Sweden		2003		ESPAD	:	3232	7	8	1	2	1	1	1
Sweden		2004	(1)	CAN	:	120000	6	7	1	1	1	1	1
Sweden		2005	(1)	CAN	130000	5514	6	8	1	1	0	0	0
Sweden		2007		ESPAD	:	3179	7	9	2	2	2	2	1
Sweden		2008	(1)	CAN		4884	5	5	1	1	1	1	1
United Kingdom		1995		ESPAD	:	7722	41	20	13	8	14	3	2
United Kingdom		1997	(1)		28756	:	38	4	7	3	3	2	1
United Kingdom		1999		ESPAD	:	2641	35	15	8	3	5	3	3
United Kingdom		2003		ESPAD	:	2068	38	12	3	5	2	4	1
United Kingdom		2007		ESPAD	:	2179	29	9	2	4	3	5	1
UK (England)	(13)(15)(19)	1998	(1)	NatCen/NFER	4752	:	30	6	8	3	3	3	1
UK (England)	(15)(19)	2000	(1)	NatCen/NFER	7061	:	31	6	4	4	5	2	2
UK (England)	(15)(19)	2001	(1)	NatCen/NFER	9400	:	36	19	4	5	7	3	2
UK (England)	(15)(19)	2002	(1)	NatCen/NFER	9859	:	36	16	4	5	6	4	2
UK (England)		2002		HBSC(WHO)	6081	1773	40	:	:	:	:	:	:
UK (England)	(15)(18)	2003	(1)	NatCen/NFER	:	:	37	18	4	5	7	5	2
UK (England)	(15)(18)	2004	(1)	NatCen/NFER	9666	2112	33	15	4	4	6	6	2
UK (England)	(15)	2005	(1)	NatCen/NFER	8548	1907	34	17	3	5	6	6	1
UK (England)	(15)	2006	(1)	NatCen/NFER	7613	1841	29	14	3	4	6	5	1
UK (England)	(15)	2008	(1)	NatCen/NFER	:	1827	27	:	3	4	6	6	1
UK (Scotland)	(15)(19)	1998	(1)	Scottish Gov	3538	:	38	9	12	4	7	1	0
UK (Scotland)	(15)(19)	2000	(1)	Scottish Gov	4700	:	28	5	2	4	2	2	1
UK (Scotland)	(15)(19)	2002	(1)	Scottish Gov	23000	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:
UK (Scotland)		2002		HBSC(WHO)	4404	1149	37	:	:	:	:	:	:
UK (Scotland)	(15)(19)	2004	(1)	Scottish Gov	:	:	35	6	4	5	4	3	2
UK (Scotland)	(15)(19)	2006	(1)	Scottish Gov	23017	11980	25	5	3	5	4	5	2
UK (Scotland)	(15)(19)	2008	(1)	Scottish Gov	:	4658	22	:	3	6	3	5	1
UK (England)	(3)(4)	2007	1	NatCen/NFER	1829	:	27	17	3	4	5	6	1
UK (N.Ireland)	(3)(4)	2007	1	National Agency	:	17	11	3	5	4	5	1	:
UK (Wales)		1998		HBSC(WHO)	1238	:	36	15	14	5	7	2	1
UK (Wales)		2002		HBSC(WHO)	3887	1164	34	:	:	:	:	:	:
Croatia		1995		ESPAD	:	2815	9	13	1	2	1	1	1
Croatia		1999		ESPAD	:	3602	16	13	2	3	2	1	4
Croatia		2003		ESPAD	:	2884	22	14	2	5	1	1	1
Croatia		2007		ESPAD	:	3008	18	11	2	2	2	2	1
Turkey	(16)	2003		ESPAD	:	4177	4	5	2	2	2	2	2
Norway		1995		ESPAD	:	3910	6	7	1	2	1	1	1
Norway		1999		ESPAD	:	3918	12	6	3	3	2	1	2
Norway		2003		ESPAD	:	3833	9	5	2	2	1	1	1
Norway		2007		ESPAD	:	3482	6	7	1	1	1	1	1
United States of America	(20)(21)	2005	(1)	NIDA	:	16200	34	13	11	4	6	5	2

Notes:

 This table presents data on 15- to 16-year-old school students obtained from national surveys. Exceptionally, some relevant regional surveys are presented. In all of the school surveys the method for data collection was classroom-based, anonymous, self-completion questionnaires in written test conditions. 

 Figures from surveys with small sample sizes should be interpreted with caution. 

 Previously published figures may have been revised and therefore are not necessarily comparable with those in previous EMCDDA publications. 

 Caution is required comparing figures due to methodological limitations. For methods and definitions see Methods and definitions: youth and the schools population. 

 ESPAD 

 ESPAD (European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other drugs) is coordinated by the Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other drugs (CAN) and Council of Europe (Pompidou Group). ESPAD prevalence figures are taken from published ESPAD reports and may differ sometimes from those reported directly by Member States. The sample sizes given refer to the number of participating 15- to 16-year-old students who filled in the questionnaire. 

 HBSC (WHO) 

 HBSC (Health behaviour in school-aged children) introduced mandatory cannabis questions for the first time in 2001/02. Two optional extended questionnaires (Ext and Short) include other drugs. These questions are based on the ESPAD questionnaire.  

 (1) LSD and other hallucinogens: includes LSD only. 

 (2) HBSC German figures are based on regional samples only (Berlin, Hessen, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony). 

 (3) Heroin: excludes heroin smoking. 

 (4) Data included in 1995 ESPAD report but not strictly comparable (based on an earlier survey). 

 (5) Ecstasy: includes other synthetic drugs. LSD and other hallucinogens: includes poppers/amyl nitrate. 

 (6) Ecstasy: includes LSD. 

 (7) Cocaine: includes cocaine powder only. Heroin: includes only by smoking heroin. 

 (8) LSD and other hallucinogens: includes LSD only. Cocaine: includes cocaine powder only. Heroin: includes only by smoking heroin. 

 (9) Interpret with caution as sample size is small. 

 (10) Figures included in 1999 ESPAD report but not strictly comparable, as the sample was not drawn according to ESPAD guidelines. 

 (11) Cocaine: includes 'hard' drugs. 

 (12) Caution is required comparing figures from Portugal as the mean age of the sample is higher than in any other EU Member State. 

 (13) Cocaine: includes cocaine powder only. 

 (14) ESPAD methods are adopted to varying degrees. 

 (15) Only 15 year-old students are included in UK ONS and Scottish Executive school surveys.  

 (16) ESPAD 2003 Germany figures are based on six regions only (Bavaria, Brandenburg, Berlin, Hesse, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Thuringia). ESPAD 2007 Germany figures are based on these plus Saarland. Turkey figures are based on one major city in each of six different regions (Adana, Ankara, Diyarbakir, Istanbul, Izmir and Samsun). ESPAD 2007 Belgium figures are based on Flanders only. 

 (17) Interpret with caution as sample size is small and private and vocational schools are excluded. 

 (18) Inhalants excludes poppers/amyl nitrate which are included in 'other' drugs. 

 (19) The sample size given for these surveys is for a wider age range than 15 to 16 years. 

 (20) Inhalants are adjusted for under-reporting of butyl nitrites. 

 (21) Amphetamines includes only drug use not under a doctor's order. 

 (22) ESPAD 2007 data for Denmark has limited comparability. 

 (23) Spain did not participate in the ESPAD survey. The data included here is based on a Spanish survey conducted in 2006/2007. Drug prevalence questions may be considered comparable to the ESPAD questions but other aspects of the method mean that the Spanish data is not strictly comparable. 

Sources:

 See Table EYE-0 for further information on sources. School surveys: sources. 

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