Table HSR-9. Opioid substitution treatment in prison in EU 27, Croatia, Turkey and Norway
| Country | | Responsibility for prison health with Min of Health | Notes on OST introduction,
initiation and
continuation | Introduction of OST in prison | Source | Initiation of OST | Continuation of OST | Source | | Total number of prisoners on a given day | Source | Number of prisoners in OST | Source | % of prison population in OST | Notes on OST rate |
|---|
| Belgium | | no | | 2000
| 15 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | 10012 | 11 | 303 | 11 | 3.03 | (xiv) |
| Bulgaria | | no | (i) | (2008) | 2 | No | Yes | 1 | | 10723 | 3 | 61 | 2 | 0.20 | (xvii) |
| Czech Republic | | no | (ii) | 2007 | 2 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | 20502 | 3 | 21 | 2 | 0.10 | |
| Denmark | | no | | 1988
| 15 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | 3451 | 3 | 450 | 2 | 13.04 | (x) |
| Germany | | no | | 1990 | 18 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | 74706 | 3 | 650 | 2 | 0.59 | (xviii) |
| Estonia | | no | | 2008 | 2 | No | Yes | 1 | | 3656 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0.05 | (ix) |
| Ireland | | no | | 2000
| 15 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | 3334 | 2 | 509 | 2 | 15.27 | (xi) |
| Greece | | no | | OST not available | | No | No | 1 | | 11798 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
| Spain | | no | (iii) | 1998 | 15 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | 63470 | 13 | 7431 | 2, 13 | 11.71 | |
| France | | yes | | 1996 | 2 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | 66712 | 3 | : | | 8.90 | (xxiii) |
| Italy | | yes | | 2000
| 15 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | 55831 | 3 | 4343 | 2 | 7.78 | (xxiv) |
| Cyprus | | no | (iv) | OST not available | 2 | No | No | 1 | | 831 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
| Latvia | | no | | OST not available | 2 | No | No | 1 | | 6452 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
| Lithuania | | no | (v) | OST not available | 2 | (Yes) | (Yes) | 1 | | 7842 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
| Luxembourg | | no | | 2000 | 19 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | 1030 | 2 | 216 | 2 | 20.97 | |
| Hungary | | no | (vi) | 2005 | 2 | (Yes) | (Yes) | 1 | | 15079 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0.005 | (xviv) |
| Malta | | no | | : | | No | Yes | 1 | | 577 | 3 | : | | : | |
| Netherlands | | no | | 1985 | 2 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | 11934 | 7 | 600 | 7 | 5 | (xi) |
| Austria | | no | | 1991
| 16 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | 8887 | 12 | 772 | 2 | 8.69 | (xii) |
| Poland | | no | (vii) | 2006 | 15 | No | Yes | 1 | | 83152 | 3 | 60 | 2 | 0.06 | (xx) |
| Portugal | | no | | 1999
| 15 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | 10807 | 3 | 664 | 2 | 6.14 | |
| Romania | | no | | 2008 | 2 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | 27262 | 3 | 18 | 2 | 0.17 | (xxi) |
| Slovenia | | no | | 1995
| 15 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | 1329 | 6 | 172 | 6 | 12.94 | |
| Slovakia | | no | | OST not available | | no | No | 1 | | 8313 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
| Finland | | no | | 1996 | 2 | No | Yes | 1 | | 3531 | 3 | 50 | 5 | 1.42 | |
| Sweden | | yes | | 2006 | 20 | Yes | Yes | 2 | | 6853 | 3 | 5 to 40 | 8 | 0.33 | (xv) |
| UK England and Wales | | yes | | 2006 | 21 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | 83194 | 3 | : | | 15.53 | (xxii) |
| UK N Ireland | | no | | : | | No | Yes | 10 | | 1523 | 3 | : | | : | |
| UK Scotland | | planned | | 2003
| 15 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | 7126 | 2 | 1354 | 2 | 19.00 | (xiii) |
| Croatia | | no | | : | | Yes | Yes | 14 | | 4734 | 3 | : | | 4.10 | (xvi) |
| Turkey | | no | | OST not available | | No | No | 1 | | 99416 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
| Norway | | yes | (viii) | 2002 | 17 | (Yes) | Yes | 1 | | 3278 | 3 | 167 | 4 | 5.09 | |
Notes:
Where data are not available for a country, the table entry is left empty. |
Data on the number of prisoners receiving OST refer to a given day in 2008, if not indicated otherwise. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Notes on OST introduction, initiation and continuation in prison: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(i) Not fully introduced, but continuation of the treatment if it was started outside prison became possible in 2008. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(ii) OST was officially introduced in custodial settings in 2003 but only started in 2007. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(iii) OST was developed as part of a harm reduction strategy in 1992 and was extended to all prisons in 1998. Data do not include Catalonia. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(iv) Foreseen in Cyprus Action Plan by 2012. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(v) Currently no OST is provided in prisons in Lithuania. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(vi) The treatment has to be provided daily at external treatment centers. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(vii) A first pilot of OST in custodial settings was conducted in 2003. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(viii) Initiation of OST has to be carried out by na external regional maintenance treatment provider. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Notes on OST rate: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(ix) Rate based on yearly number of treatments. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(x) Rate based on average monthly number of treatments. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xi) Rate refers to situation on 31.12.2009. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xii) Rate refers to situation on 1.9.2007. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xiii) Rate refers to situation on 14.12.2007. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xiv) Rate refers to situation on 27.1.2009. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xv) Reported daily rate is midpoint between high and low estimates of two studies, estimating the number of prisoners receiving OST on a given day in 2008 (see German National Report 2009). Pfeiffer-Gerschel et al. 2009, estimated 500 to 700 cases and Keppler (2008) estimated between 600 and 800 cases. Resulting rates are 0.07% and 0.59% respectively. | |
(xvi) Rate based on yearly number of treatments (N=721) and total number of entries to penal institutions (14.537 prisoners, CoE SPACE I Survey 2008, Table 12.1). | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xvii) Rate based on yearly number of treatments (N=61) and total number of entries to penal institutions (30.676 prisoners, CoE SPACE I Survey 2008, Table 12.1). | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xviii) Rate based on yearly number of treatments (N=650) and total number of entries to penal institutions (109.996 prisoners, CoE SPACE I Survey 2008, Table 12.1). | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xviv) Rate based on yearly number of treatments (N=1) and total number of entries to penal institutions (20.431 prisoners, CoE SPACE I Survey 2008, Table 12.1). | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xx) Rate based on yearly number of treatments (N=60) and total number of entries to penal institutions (94.940 prisoners, CoE SPACE I Survey 2008, Table 12.1). | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xxi) Rate based on yearly number of treatments (N=18) and total number of entries to penal institutions (10.865 prisoners, CoE SPACE I Survey 2008, Table 12.1). | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xxii) Rate based on 19.550 extended substitution treatments in 2008/9 (UK NR 2009) and total number of entries to penal institutions in 2008 (125.881 prisoners, CoE SPACE I Survey 2008, Table 12.1). | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xxiii) Results of a nationwide inventory of harm reduction measures in French prisons, conducted in 2009/2010 among 105 prisons, covering 71,3% of inmates, unpublished. Personal communication, Laurent Michel, 10 May 2010. | |
(xxiv) Included are 2609 prisoners in medium- and 1734 prisoners in longterm-methadone treatment on a given day in 2008. | | Sources:
(1) Structured Questionnaire on 'prevention and reduction of health-related harm associated with drug use' (SQ23/29), submitted by NFPs in 2008. |
(2) Reitox National Reports. |
(3) CoE SPACE I Survey 2008, Table 1: Total number of prisoners including pre-trial detainees on 1.9.2008. |
(4) Personal communication Odd Hordvin, Norwegian NFP 1 March 2010 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(5) Personal communication Anu Mäenpää, Criminal Sanctions Agency Finland, 7 March 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(6) Personal communication Andrej Kastelic, 16 March 2010 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(7) Personal communication Gerda van't Hoff 16 March 2010 - based on reply by the Netherlands to a survey among Health in Prison Network Members in January 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(8) Personal communication Kajsa Mikkelson, Swedish NFP, 23 March 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(9) Personal communication Laurent Michel, 12 April 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(10) Personal communication Alan Lodwick, UK NFP, 12 March 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(11) Personal communication Bahija Lamkaddem, Belgian NFP, 19 February 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(12) CoE SPACE I Survey 2007, Table 1: Total number of prisoners including pre-trial detainees on 1.9.2007. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(13) Based on reply by Spain to survey among Health in Prison Network Members in January 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(14) Personal communication Lidia Vulkovich, 2009. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(15) H. Stover, L.C. Hennebel, J. Casselman "Substitution treatment in European prisons. A study of policies of substitution in prisons in 18 European countries", Cranstoun Drug Services Publishing 2004 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(16) H. Stover, "Study On Assistance To Drug Users in Prisons", EMCDDA 2001. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(17) Personal communication Odd Hordvin, 13 April 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(18) Gerlach, R. & Stöver, H. (2005). Vom Tabu zur Normalität. 20 Jahre Substitution in Deutschland – Zwischenbilanz und Aufgaben für die Zukunft. Lambertus-Verlag: Freiburg. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(19) Personal communication Origer Alain, Luxembourg NFP 16 April 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(20) Personal communication Kajsa Mikkelson, Swedish NFP, 21 April 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(21) Personal communication Charlotte Davies, UK NFP, 20 May 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(see the help page for information about formats etc.)
