Table INF-1. Prevalence of HIV infection among injecting drug users in the EU, 2008 or most recent year available — Summary table by country.

Country or region			% Infected (1)
	Year	Number tested	National samples	Sub-national samples	Study design (2)	Setting/comments (3, 4, 5)	References
Belgium	2008	528	:	3.3-6.4	DT ; SR	LTS, DTC; serum	22 ; 24
Bulgaria	2008	759	:	2.2	DT	DTC, NSP, LTS, HTC; serum	6
Czech Republic	2008	4420	0.1-0.6	:	DT ; SR	STI, OHC, PRI, HTC, DTC, LTS, NSP, GPS; serum, saliva, capillary blood	23 ; 24 ; 25
Denmark	2006	188	2.1	:	SP (UAT)	ODD, 5 sites; IDUnk	7 ; 8
Germany	2007	1394	3.4	:	DT	ODD; autopsy rates 62%; Drug related deaths throught accident, long term effects, suicide. IDUnk	30 ; 31
Estonia	2005	449	:	54.3 - 89.9	SP	LTS; dried blood spots	4
Ireland	2003	64	:	12.5	SP	DTC, serum	14
Greece	2008	1563	0.1-0.7	0.0-0.8	DT	DTC, LTS, PHL, OHC, 42 sites; serum	1 ; 2 ; 9
Spain	2007	8643	34.5	:	DT	DTC; serum.	39
France	2006	698	:	5.1-8.0	SP (UAT) ; SR	NSP, LTS, STR; saliva	19 ; 21
Italy	2008	63989	11.7	2.0-37.5	DT	DTC, 522 sites; serum IDUnk	47
Cyprus	2008	318	0.0-1.6	:	DT ; SP ; SR	DTC; serum	5 ; 8 ; 9
Latvia	2007	407	:	22.6	SP (UAT)	NSP; serum	12
Lithuania	2006	1853	:	0.6–9.7	DT ; SP	HTC, NSP, LTS, 22 sites; serum, dried blood spots; IDUnk §	1 ; 6 ; 8 ; 11 ; 12 ; 99
Luxembourg	2008	171	1.8	:	SR	DTC, Register of specialized drugs, 9 sites.	8
Hungary	2008	775	0.0	0	SP	DTC, NSP, STR, OTH; serum, dried blood spots	15 ; 17
Malta	2006	175	0	:	DT	DTC, NSP, 1 site; serum	2 ; 3 ; 5
Netherlands	2008	132	:	1.7-8.2	DT ; SP	DTC, Homeless housing projects, 13 sites; serum	27 ; 33
Austria	2008	743	1.0-10.7	0.0-1.9	DT	NSP, LTS, ODD, DTC, 46 sites; serum	7 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13
Poland	2008	1713	9.2	:	DT	PHL, HTC; serum	10
Portugal	2008	7846	9.2-18.4	:	DT	DTC, Outpatient units, Therapeutic communities, Public detoxification units; dried blood spots; IDUnk §	29
Romania	2007-08	607	1.1	0.8-1.6	DT ; SR	DTC, NSP, LTS, 66 sites; serum, dried blood spots, urine	2 ; 4
Slovenia	2008	442	0.0	0.0	SP (UAT) ; DT	NSP, DTC, LTS, 21 sites ; saliva, serum	3 ; 4
Slovakia	2008	97	:	1.0	DT	DTC, 1 site	7
Finland	2007	3645	0.1-1.3	0.6	DT ; SP	NSP, PRI, 46 sites; serum, saliva; IDUnk §	6 ; 7
Sweden	2007-08	1206	:	0.0-8.4	SP ; DT	LTS, STR, PRI,OHC, DTC, 218 sites; serum	8 ; 10 ; 12
United Kingdom	2008	5590	:	0.5-3.9	SP (UAT)	DTC, NSP, LTS, PHL, STR, primary care and outreach, named HIV tests; saliva, serum	38 ; 48
Croatia	2007-08	778	0.0	0.0	SP	DTC, NSP, LTS, PHL, HTC, PRI; serum	1
Turkey	2008	168	:	0.0	DT	serum	2
Norway	2008	4077	2.8	0.6	SP	NSP, DTC, LTS, 24 sites; serum	16 ; 17

Notes:

 This summary table gives a global overview of HIV prevalence in IDUs in the EU, 2007–08 or most recent year available. Data for more than one year are combined if they clearly improve generalisability (e.g. national data, out-of-treatment data). Prevalence in this table should not be compared with previous versions to follow changes over time, as inclusion of sources may vary according to data availability. For time trends see Tables INF-108, INF-109, and INF-110 .   

 n.a. = not available   

 (1) The figures show estimates (or range of estimates) from National and/or Sub-National level samples.   

 (2) Self-reported test results are less reliable than biological test results.   

 DT: Diagnostic testing; SP: Seroprevalence study; SP-UAT: Seroprevalence study with unlinked anonymous testing; RDS: Respondent-driven sampling; SR: Data (partly) based on self reported test results.   

 (3) Having health problems is one selection criterion for admission to drug treatment in some countries or cities (Greece, Portugal, Rome), due to long waiting lists or special programmes for infected IDUs, and this may result in upward bias of prevalence. Prevalence from treatment data should therefore be interpreted in combination with non-treatment data. On the other hand, data from Italy and Portugal include non-IDUs and may thus underestimate prevalence in IDUs.    

 (4) IDUnk = IDU status not known, prevalence in IDUs is likely to be underestimated.   

 (5) ODD = Overdose Deaths; DEM = Drug Emergencies; DTC = Drug Treatment Centres; NSP = Needle Exchanges; LTS = Low-Threshold Services; PHL = Public Health Laboratories; STI = STI Clinics; ANT = Antenatal Clinics; OHC = Other Hospital or Clinics; PRI = Prisons; ARR = Arrests; GPS = General Practitioners; HTC = HIV Testing Centres; STR = Street; OTH = Other.   

 § - IDUnk = IDU status not known, prevalence may be too low.         

 Lithuania: One of the six studies available is IDUnk (Sub-National: N=799; 1.9% infected).   

 Finland: One of the three studies available is IDUnk (National: N= 1363; 0.1% infected).   

 Portugal: Two of three studies are IDUnk (All National: N=4436; 13.9% infected and N=2381; 9.2% infected)               

Sources:

 See Table INF-108 .   

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