Table HSR-9. Opioid substitution treatment in prison in EU 27, Croatia, Turkey and Norway
| Country | | Introduction of OST in prison | Source | Initiation of OST | Continuation of OST | Source | Notes on OST introduction,
initiation and
continuation | Total number of prisoners on a given day | Source | Number of prisoners in OST | Source | % of prison population in OST | Notes on OST rate |
|---|
| Belgium | | 2000 | (1) | Yes | Yes | (10) | | 10012 | (13) | 303 | (13) | 3.03 | (ix) |
| Bulgaria | | (2008) | (2) | No | Yes | (10) | (i) | 10723 | (15) | 61 | (2) | 0.20 | (x) |
| Czech Republic | | 2007 | (2) | Yes | Yes | (10) | (ii) | 20502 | (15) | 21 | (2) | 0.10 | |
| Denmark | | 1988 | (1) | Yes | Yes | (10) | | 3451 | (15) | 450 | (2) | 13.04 | (xi) |
| Germany | | 1990 | (3) | Yes | Yes | (10) | | 74706 | (15) | 650 | (2) | 0.59 | (xii) |
| Estonia | | 2008 | (2) | No | Yes | (10) | | 3656 | (15) | 2 | (2) | 0.05 | (xiii) |
| Ireland | | 2000 | (1) | Yes | Yes | (10) | | 3334 | (2) | 509 | (2) | 15.27 | (xiv) |
| Greece | | OST not available | | No | No | (10) | | 11798 | (15) | 0 | (2) | 0 | |
| Spain | | 1998 | (1) | Yes | Yes | (10) | (iii) | 63470 | (14) | 7431 | (2), (14) | 11.71 | |
| France | | 1996 | (2), (4) | Yes | Yes | (10) | | 66712 | (15) | : | | 8.90 | |
| Italy | | 2000 | (1) | Yes | Yes | (10) | | 55831 | (15) | 4343 | (2) | 7.78 | |
| Cyprus | | OST not available | (2) | No | No | (10) | (iv) | 831 | (15) | 0 | (2) | 0 | |
| Latvia | | OST not available | (2) | No | No | (10) | | 6452 | (15) | 0 | (2) | 0 | |
| Lithuania | | OST not available | (2) | (Yes) | (Yes) | (10) | (v) | 7842 | (15) | 0 | (2) | 0 | |
| Luxembourg | | 2000 | (5) | Yes | Yes | (10) | | 1030 | (2) | 216 | (2) | 20.97 | |
| Hungary | | 2005 | (2) | (Yes) | (Yes) | (10) | (vi) | 15079 | (15) | 1 | (2) | 0.005 | (xv) |
| Malta | | : | | No | Yes | (10) | | 577 | (15) | : | | : | |
| Netherlands | | 1985 | (2) | Yes | Yes | (10) | | 11934 | (16) | 600 | (16) | 5 | (xiv) |
| Austria | | 1991
| (6) | Yes | Yes | (10) | | 8887 | (17) | 772 | (2) | 8.69 | (xvi) |
| Poland | | 2006 | (1) | No | Yes | (10) | (vii) | 83152 | (15) | 60 | (2) | 0.06 | (xvii) |
| Portugal | | 1999
| (1) | Yes | Yes | (10) | | 10807 | (15) | 664 | (2) | 6.14 | |
| Romania | | 2008 | (2) | Yes | Yes | (10) | | 27262 | (15) | 18 | (2) | 0.17 | (xviii) |
| Slovenia | | 1995
| (1) | Yes | Yes | (10) | | 1329 | (18) | 172 | (18) | 12.94 | |
| Slovakia | | OST not available | | no | No | (10) | | 8313 | (15) | 0 | (2) | 0 | |
| Finland | | 1996 | (2) | No | Yes | (10) | | 3531 | (15) | 50 | (19) | 1.42 | |
| Sweden | | 2006 | (7) | Yes | Yes | (2) | | 6853 | (15) | 5 to 40 | (20) | 0.33 | (xix) |
| UK England | | 2006 | (8) | Yes | Yes | (10) | | 83194 | (15) | : | | 15.53 | (xx) |
| UK N Ireland | | : | | No | Yes | (11) | | 1523 | (15) | : | | : | |
| UK Scotland | | 2003
| (1) | Yes | Yes | (10) | | 7126 | (2) | 1354 | (2) | 19.00 | (xxi) |
| Croatia | | : | | Yes | Yes | (12) | | 4734 | (15) | : | | 4.10 | (xxii) |
| Turkey | | OST not available | | No | No | (10) | | 99416 | (15) | 0 | (2) | 0 | |
| Norway | | 2002 | (9) | (Yes) | Yes | (10) | (viii) | 3278 | (15) | 167 | (21) | 5.09 | |
Notes:
Where data are not available for a country, the table entry is left empty. |
Data on the number of prisoners receiving OST refer to a given day in 2008, if not indicated otherwise. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Notes on OST introduction, initiation and continuation in prison: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(i) Not fully introduced, but continuation of the treatment if it was started outside prison became possible in 2008. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(ii) OST was officially introduced in custodial settings in 2003 but only started in 2007. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(iii) OST was developed as part of a harm reduction strategy in 1992 and was extended to all prisons in 1998. Data do not include Catalonia. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(iv) Foreseen in Cyprus Action Plan by 2012. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(v) Currently no OST is provided in prisons in Lithuania. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(vi) Methadone treatment has to be provided daily at external treatment centres, while Buprenorphine-naloxone treatment can be provided in prisons. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(vii) A first pilot of OST in custodial settings was conducted in 2003. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(viii) Initiation of OST has to be carried out by na external regional maintenance treatment provider. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Notes on OST rate: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(ix) Rate refers to situation on 27.1.2009. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(x) Rate based on yearly number of treatments (N=61) and total number of entries to penal institutions (30.676 prisoners, CoE SPACE I Survey 2008, Table 12.1). | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xi) Rate based on average monthly number of treatments. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xii) Rate based on yearly number of treatments (N=650) and total number of entries to penal institutions (109.996 prisoners, CoE SPACE I Survey 2008, Table 12.1). Reported daily rate is midpoint between high and low estimates of two studies, estimating the number of prisoners receiving OST on a given day in 2008 (see German National Report 2009). Pfeiffer-Gerschel et al. 2009, estimated 500 to 700 cases and Keppler (2008) estimated between 600 and 800 cases. Resulting rates are 0.07% and 0.59% respectively. | | |
(xiii) Rate based on yearly number of treatments. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xiv) Rate refers to situation on 31.12.2009. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xv) Rate based on yearly number of treatments (N=1) and total number of entries to penal institutions (20.431 prisoners, CoE SPACE I Survey 2008, Table 12.1). | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xvi) Rate refers to situation on 1.9.2007. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xvii) Rate based on yearly number of treatments (N=60) and total number of entries to penal institutions (94.940 prisoners, CoE SPACE I Survey 2008, Table 12.1). | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xviii) Rate based on yearly number of treatments (N=18) and total number of entries to penal institutions (10.865 prisoners, CoE SPACE I Survey 2008, Table 12.1). | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xix) Reported daily rate is midpoint between high and low estimates (0.07% and 0.59%). | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xx) Rate based on 19.550 extended substitution treatments in 2008/9 (UK NR 2009) and total number of entries to penal institutions in 2008 (125.881 prisoners, CoE SPACE I Survey 2008, Table 12.1). | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xxi) Rate refers to situation on 14.12.2007. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(xxii) Rate based on yearly number of treatments (N=721) and total number of entries to penal institutions (14.537 prisoners, CoE SPACE I Survey 2008, Table 12.1). | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See also 'General notes for interpreting data' on the Explanatory notes and help page. | | | | | | Sources:
(1) H. Stover, L.C. Hennebel, J. Casselman "Substitution treatment in European prisons. A study of policies of substitution in prisons in 18 European countries", Cranstoun Drug Services Publishing 2004 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(2) Reitox National Reports. |
(3) Gerlach, R. & Stöver, H. (2005). Vom Tabu zur Normalität. 20 Jahre Substitution in Deutschland – Zwischenbilanz und Aufgaben für die Zukunft. Lambertus-Verlag: Freiburg. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(4) Personal communication Laurent Michel, 12 April 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(5) Personal communication Origer Alain, Luxembourg NFP 16 April 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(6) H. Stover, "Study On Assistance To Drug Users in Prisons", EMCDDA 2001. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(7) Personal communication Kajsa Mikkelson, Swedish NFP, 21 April 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(8) Personal communication Charlotte Davies, UK NFP, 20 May 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(9) Personal communication Odd Hordvin, 13 April 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(10) Structured Questionnaire on 'prevention and reduction of health-related harm associated with drug use' (SQ23/29), submitted by NFPs in 2008. |
(11) Personal communication Alan Lodwick, UK NFP, 12 March 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(12) Personal communication Lidia Vulkovich, 2009. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(13) Personal communication Bahija Lamkaddem, Belgian NFP, 19 February 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(14) Based on reply by Spain to survey among Health in Prison Network Members in January 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(15) CoE SPACE I Survey 2008, Table 1: Total number of prisoners including pre-trial detainees on 1.9.2008. |
(16) Personal communication Gerda van't Hoff 16 March 2010 - based on reply by the Netherlands to a survey among Health in Prison Network Members in January 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(17) CoE SPACE I Survey 2007, Table 1: Total number of prisoners including pre-trial detainees on 1.9.2007. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(18) Personal communication Andrej Kastelic, 16 March 2010 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(19) Personal communication Anu Mäenpää, Criminal Sanctions Agency Finland, 7 March 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(20) Personal communication Kajsa Mikkelson, Swedish NFP, 23 March 2010. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(21) Personal communication Odd Hordvin, Norwegian NFP 1 March 2010 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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