Table INF-2. Prevalence of HCV antibody among injecting drug users in the EU countries, Croatia, Turkey and Norway, 2009 or most recent year available — Summary table by country

Country or region			% Infected (1)
	Year	Number tested	National samples	Sub-national samples	Study design (2)	Setting/comments (2) (3) (4) (5)	References
Belgium	2009	391	:	30.4 - 80.9	DT	LTS, DTC; serum	22 ; 25 ; 99
Bulgaria	2009	955	:	61.2	DT	DTC, NSP, LTS, HTC; serum	6 ; 7a ; 7b
Czech Republic	2009	353	22.4	:	DT	NSP, LTS; serum, saliva, capillary blood	25 ; 27
Denmark	2008	223	52.5	:	SP (UAT)	ODD, 3 sites; post mortem blood; IDUnk	7
Germany	2004	1134	:	75.0	n.a.	Vacination study; serum, IDUnk	24
Estonia	:	:	:	:	:	:	:
Ireland	:	:	:	:	:	:	:
Greece	2009	1883	43.5-64.3	18.2 - 75.6	DT ; SP	DTC, LTS, OHC, PHL, PRI;OTH serum	1 ; 2 ; 9 ; 18
Spain	:	:	:	:	:	:	:
France	2006	362	:	41.7	SP (UAT)	NSP, LTS, STR; saliva	21
Italy	2009	71777	58.5	36.8 - 80.7	DT	DTC, 533 sites; serum; IDUnk	47 ; 48a ; 48b
Cyprus	2009	116	46.6	:	DT	DTC, PRI; serum	8 ; 9 ; 10
Latvia	2007	406	:	74.4	SP (UAT)	NSP; serum	12
Lithuania	2006	775	:	70.3–89.7	DT	LTS, HTC, 17 sites; serum, dried blood spots; IDUnk	5 ; 8
Luxembourg	2005	536	71.8–90.7	:	SP	DTC, NSP, LTS, STI, ANT, OHC, PRI; serum	6
Hungary	2009	898	24.4	7.9 - 51.4	SP	NSP, DTC, PRI ; dried blood spots, serum	19 ; 20a ; 20b
Malta	2009	121	30.6	:	DT	DTC, STI, HTC,2 site; serum	3 ; 5 ; 7
Netherlands	2009	35	:	54.3	SP	DTC, LTS, 4 sites; serum	34
Austria	2009	850	44.7 - 54.7	33.3 - 69.9	DT	DTC, LTS, ODD, NSP; serum	2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 12
Poland	2009	184	:	44.3 - 72.4	SP	LTS,2 sites; serum	12
Portugal	2009	6205	28.7 - 83.1	:	DT	DTC ; serum, dried blood spots; IDUnk §	29 ; 30
Romania	2009	449	:	82.9	SP (UAT)	STR, 1 site; dried blood spots	7
Slovenia	2009	401	23.4	:	DT	DTC, 18 sites; serum	5
Slovakia	2009	98	:	50.0	SP	DTC, 1 site ; serum	12
Finland	2009	682	:	60.5	SP (UAT)	NSP,9 sites; saliva. Current IDUs	8
Sweden	2009	159	:	59.7	DT	PRI; serum	13
United Kingdom	2009	3289	:	26.1 - 54.0	SP (UAT)	DTC, NSP, LTS, primary care,60 sites; dried blood spots,saliva	51 ; 53 ; 56
Croatia	2007-08	791	44.0	27.1 - 65.3	SP	PRI, DTC, NSP, LTS, PHL, HTC; serum	1
Turkey	2008	168	:	5.3	DT	serum	2
Norway	2009	4151	72.9	64.8	SP	NSP, LTS, DTC, 24 sites; serum	12 ; 16 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ; 21

Notes:

 This summary table gives a global overview of the prevalence of HCV antibody in IDUs in the EU, 2009 or most recent year available. Data for more than one year are combined if they clearly improve generalisability (e.g. national data, out-of-treatment data). Prevalence in this table should not be compared with previous versions to follow changes over time, as inclusion of sources may vary according to data availability. For time trends see Tables Table INF-111, INF-112 and INF-113. 

 (1) The figures show estimates (or range of estimates) from National and/or sub-national level samples. 

 (2) Saliva tests for hepatitis C antibodies underestimate prevalence. If test sensitivity is known then figures can be adjusted upwards by dividing prevalence by test sensitivity. Test sensitivity is around 70–90 % in older studies and may be up to 90-95% in some recent studies. Figures have not been adjusted. 

 DT: Diagnostic testing; SP: Seroprevalence study; SP-UAT: Seroprevalence study with unlinked anonymous testing; RDS: Respondent-driven sampling; SR: Data (partly) based on self reported test results. 

 (3) Having health problems is one selection criterion for admission to drug treatment in some countries or cities (Greece, Portugal, Rome), due to long waiting lists or special programmes for infected IDUs, and this may result in upward bias of prevalence. Prevalence from treatment data should therefore be interpreted in combination with non-treatment data. On the other hand, data from Italy and Portugal include non-IDUs and may thus underestimate prevalence in IDUs.  

 (4) § IDUnk = IDU status not known, prevalence in IDUs is likely to be underestimated. 

 (5) ODD = Overdose Deaths; DEM = Drug Emergencies; DTC = Drug Treatment Centres; NSP = Needle Exchanges; LTS = Low-Threshold Services; PHL = Public Health Laboratories; STI = STI Clinics; ANT = Antenatal Clinics; OHC = Other Hospital or Clinics; PRI = Prisons; ARR = Arrests; GPS = General Practitioners; HTC = HIV Testing Centres; STR = Street; OTH = Other. 

 Lithuania: One of the three studies avaliable is IDUnk (Subnational: N=457; 72.3 % infected). 

 Portugal: Two of three studies are IDUnk (All National: N=1562; 28.7% infected and N=3748; 39.9% infected)               

Sources:

 See Table INF-111. 

 For references see Table INF-0. Bibliographic References-Part A: References for prevalence data     

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