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Table PDU-102. Prevalence of problem drug use at national level - full listing of studies

Part(i) Problem drug use

CountryYearMethodType of Drug UseCentral EstimateLower Bound of Prevalence EstimateUpper Bound of Prevalence EstimateCentral rate/1000 (15-64)Lower rate/1000 (15-64)Upper rate/1000 (15-64)Population (15-64)Interval TypeTarget Population�Original age range in study�Bibliographic Reference�Target Population DefinitionComments / Sources
Bulgaria2009CROpioid & Stimulant3131623050429206.014.428.24521161995% CIPDU15 to 64Following the EMCDDA definition - problem users of heroin, other opioids, cocaine and amphetaminesEmergency centres, treatment centres andpolice records. Three-source capture-recapture.
Czech Republic2000TMOverall3750030000450005.244.196.29715280295% CIPDU15 to 642 Problem amphetamine or opiate usersTreatment Demand register.Multiplier method, using as benchmark the Treatment Demand register and for the in-treatment rate capture-recapture and nomination techniques at the local level.
Czech Republic2002CROverall21300137003450031.94.8723378895% CIPDU15 to 641 Problem amphetamine or opiate users (including injectors)Saturated log-linear model was used In-Patient register primary and secondary diagnosis (F11, 15, 19) Newly diagnosed VH (IDU).
Czech Republic2002TMOverall35100 4.9 7170017n.a.PDU15 to 643 Problem amphetamine or opiate users.Multiplier method, benchmark - number of pervitin (methamphetamine) and opiate users in contact with low-threshold facilities in 2002.Low-threshold facilities.Annual Report on Drug Situation 2002 in Czech Republic.
Czech Republic2003TMOverall 4.02 n.a.PDU15 to 6499 Problem amphetamine or opiate users (including injectors)
Czech Republic2004TMOverall3000026900337004.143.724.657239720n.a.PDU15 to 644 Problem amphetamine or opiate users (including injectors)Reports from low-threshold facilities - number of pervitin (methamphetamine) and opiate users in contanct with these facilities in 2004.HCV national study - in-treatment rate (portion of above mentioned persons in contact with low-threshold facilities, nomination technique used)
Czech Republic2004TMOpioid97008700109001.341.21.517239720n.a.PDU15 to 644 problem opiate users (including injectors)Reports from low-threshold facilities - number of pervitin (methamphetamine) and opiate users in contanct with these facilities in 2004.
Czech Republic2004TMStimulant2030018300228002.82.533.157239720n.a.PDU15 to 644 problem methamphetamine users (including injectors)Reports from low-threshold facilities - number of pervitin (methamphetamine) and opiate users in contanct with these facilities in 2004.HCV national study - in-treatment rate (portion of above mentioned persons in contact with low-threshold facilities, nomination technique used)
Czech Republic2005TMOverall3180028600357004.373.934.91727486095% CIPDU15 to 645 Problem amphetamine or opiate users (including injectors)Reports from low-threshold facilities - number of pervitin (methamphetamine) and opiate users in contact with these facilities in 2005.HCV national study - in-treatment rate (portion of above mentioned persons in contact with low-threshold facilities, nomination technique used)
Czech Republic2005TMOpioid1130010100127001.551.391.75727486095% CIPDU15 to 645 problem opiate users (including injectors)Reports from low-threshold facilities - number of opiate users in contact with these facilities in 2005.HCV national study - in-treatment rate (portion of above mentioned persons in contact with low-threshold facilities, nomination technique used)
Czech Republic2005TMStimulant2050018400230002.822.533.16727486095% CIPDU15 to 645 problem methamphetamine users (including injectors)Reports from low-threshold facilities - number of methamphetamine (pervitin) users in contact with these facilities in 2005.HCV national study - in-treatment rate (portion of above mentioned persons in contact with low-threshold facilities, nomination technique used)
Czech Republic2006OTOpioid & Stimulant3017826544351334.133.634.81730759195% CIPDU15 to 642 Benchmark = data from low threshold facilities, multiplier = nomination technique within questionnaire study among clients of low threshold facilities. For Prague new multiplier was obtained in 2007. Therefore estimates have been done separately for Prague and the rest of the Czech Republic (respective 8 STs provided). National estimate is a sum of both of them.Estimated number of PDUs - opiates (heroin + Subutex (buprenorphine)) users and/or pervitin (methamphetamine) users in the Czech Republic unless Prague (done by multiplier method with the data on clients in contact with low threshold facilities/programmes).Estimated number of PDUs - opiates (heroin + Subutex (buprenorphine)) users and/or pervitin (methamphetamine) users in Prague (done by multiplier method with the data on clients in contact with low threshold facilities/programmes).
Czech Republic2006OTOpioid104879027125871.441.241.72730759195% CIPDU15 to 642 Benchmark = data from low threshold facilities, multiplier = nomination technique within questionnaire study among clients of low threshold facilities. For Prague new multiplier was obtained in 2007. Therefore estimates have been done separately for Prague and the rest of the Czech Republic (respective 8 STs provided). National estimate is a sum of both of them.Estimated number of opiates (heroin + Subutex (buprenorphine)) users in the Czech Republic unless Prague (done by multiplier method with the data on clients in contact with low threshold facilities/programmes).Estimated number of opiates (heroin + Subutex (buprenorphine)) users in Prague (done by multiplier method with the data on clients in contact with low threshold facilities/programmes).
Czech Republic2006OTStimulant1969017517225462.692.43.09730759195% CIPDU15 to 642 Benchmark = data from low threshold facilities, multiplier = nomination technique within questionnaire study among clients of low threshold facilities. For Prague new multiplier was obtained in 2007. Therefore estimates have been done separately for Prague and the rest of the Czech Republic (respective 8 STs provided). National estimate is a sum of both of them.Estimated number of pervitin (methamphetamine) users in the Czech Republic unless Prague (done by multiplier method with the data on clients in contact with low threshold facilities/programmes).Estimated number of pervitin (methamphetamine) users in Prague (done by multiplier method with the data on clients in contact with low threshold facilities/programmes).
Czech Republic2007TMOpioid & Stimulant3090028900327004.23.944.46735051395% CIPDU15 to 642EMCDDA PDU definition with one basic exception. There is not cocaine included in Czech PDU definition, because cocaine use prevalence is very low and almost not measurable.Benchmark = data from low threshold facilities, multiplier = nomination technique within questionnaire study among clients of low threshold facilities. We have obtained multiplier for all 14 regions - multiplier filled bellow is a mean of all of them. National estimate is then a sum of estimates for all regions. Total number of clients in contact with all Czech low threshold facilities/programmes (Opiates (heroin + Subutex (buprenorphine)) users and/or pervitin (methamphetamine) users.). Total number of clients of all low threshold facilities/programes who participated on the questionnaire study within nomination technique. Clients of low threshold facilities/programes.
Czech Republic2007TMOpioid100009400106001.361.281.44735051395% CIPDU15 to 642
Czech Republic2007TMStimulant2090020400214002.842.772.91735051395% CIPDU15 to 642EMCDDA PDU definition with one basic exception. There is not cocaine included in Czech PDU definition, because cocaine use prevalence is very low and almost not measurable.Benchmark = data from low threshold facilities, multiplier = nomination technique within questionnaire study among clients of low threshold facilities. We have obtained multiplier for all 14 regions - multiplier filled bellow is a mean of all of them. National estimate is then a sum of estimates for all regions. Sources: A) Total number of clients in contact with all Czech low threshold facilities/programmes (Pervitin (methamphetamine) users).B) Total number of clients of all low threshold facilities/programes who participated on the questionnaire study within nomination technique (Clients of low threshold facilities/programes.).
Czech Republic2008TMOpioid & Stimulant3250030400347004.394.14.67741453295% CIPDU15 to 642EMCDDA PDU definition with one basic exception. There is not cocaine included in Czech PDU definition, because cocaine use prevalence is very low and almost not measurable.Benchmark = data from low threshold facilities, multiplier = nomination technique within questionnaire study among clients of low threshold facilities. We have obtained multiplier for all 14 regions - multiplier filled bellow is a mean of all of them. National estimate is then a sum of estimates for all regions. Sources: A) Total number of clients in contact with all Czech low threshold facilities/programmes. Opiates (heroin + Subutex (buprenorphine)) users and/or pervitin (methamphetamine) users. B) Total number of clients of all low threshold facilities/programes who participated on the questionnaire study within nomination technique. C)Clients of low threshold facilities/programes.
Czech Republic2008TMOpioid1130010600120001.521.431.62741453295% CIPDU15 to 642Benchmark = data from low threshold facilities, multiplier = nomination technique within questionnaire study among clients of low threshold facilities. We have obtained multiplier for all 14 regions - multiplier filled bellow is a mean of all of them. National estimate is then a sum of estimates for all regions. Sources: A) Total number of clients in contact with all Czech low threshold facilities/programmes. Opiates (heroin + Subutex (buprenorphine)) users. B) Total number of clients of all low threshold facilities/programes who participated on the questionnaire study within nomination technique. C) Clients of low threshold facilities/programes.
Czech Republic2008TMStimulant2120020700218002.872.792.94741453295% CIPDU15 to 642Benchmark = data from low threshold facilities, multiplier = nomination technique within questionnaire study among clients of low threshold facilities. We have obtained multiplier for all 14 regions - multiplier filled bellow is a mean of all of them. National estimate is then a sum of estimates for all regions. Sources: A) Total number of clients in contact with all Czech low threshold facilities/programmes. B) Pervitin (methamphetamine) users. C) Total number of clients of all low threshold facilities/programes who participated on the questionnaire study within nomination technique. D)Clients of low threshold facilities/programes.
Czech Republic2009TMOpioid & Stimulant3740033300415005.044.485.59742508395% CIPDU15 to 647EMCDDA PDU definition with one basic exception. There is not cocaine included in Czech PDU definition, because cocaine use prevalence is very low and almost not measurable.Benchmark = data from low threshold facilities, multiplier = nomination technique within questionnaire study among clients of low threshold facilities. We have obtained multiplier for all 14 regions - multiplier filled bellow is a mean of all of them. National estimate is then a sum of estimates for all regions.Sources: A) Total number of clients in contact with all Czech low threshold facilities/programmes (Opiates (heroin + Subutex (buprenorphine)) users and/or pervitin (methamphetamine) users) B)Total number of clients of all low threshold facilities/programes who participated on the questionnaire study within nomination technique (Clients of low threshold facilities/programes).
Czech Republic2009TMOpioid1210011500128001.631.551.72742508395% CIPDU15 to 647Benchmark = data from low threshold facilities, multiplier = nomination technique within questionnaire study among clients of low threshold facilities. We have obtained multiplier for all 14 regions - multiplier filled bellow is a mean of all of them. National estimate is then a sum of estimates for all regions.Sources:A) Total number of clients in contact with all Czech low threshold facilities/programmes (Opiates (heroin + Subutex (buprenorphine)) users). B):Total number of clients of all low threshold facilities/programes who participated on the questionnaire study within nomination technique (Clients of low threshold facilities/programes).
Czech Republic2009TMStimulant2530024600259003.413.313.49742508395% CIPDU15 to 647EMCDDA PDU definition with one basic exception. There is not cocaine included in Czech PDU definition, because cocaine use prevalence is very low and almost not measurable.Benchmark = data from low threshold facilities, multiplier = nomination technique within questionnaire study among clients of low threshold facilities. We have obtained multiplier for all 14 regions - multiplier filled bellow is a mean of all of them. National estimate is then a sum of estimates for all regions. Sources: A) Total number of clients in contact with all Czech low threshold facilities/programmes (Pervitin (methamphetamine) users). B)Total number of clients of all low threshold facilities/programes who participated on the questionnaire study within nomination technique (Clients of low threshold facilities/programes).
Czech Republic2010TMOpioid & Stimulant3915032000463005.304.336.26739431695% CIPDU16 to 647We have adopted the EMCDDA PDU definition with one basic exception. There is not cocaine included in Czech PDU definition, because cocaine use prevalence is very low and almost not measurable.Benchmark = data from low threshold facilities, multiplier = nomination technique within questionnaire study among clients of low threshold facilities. We have obtained multiplier for all 14 regions - multiplier filled bellow is a mean of all of them. National estimate is then a sum of estimates for all regions.
Czech Republic2010TMOpioid1095010400115501.481.401.56739431695% CIPOU17 to 647Benchmark = data from low threshold facilities, multiplier = nomination technique within questionnaire study among clients of low threshold facilities. We have obtained multiplier for all 14 regions - multiplier filled bellow is a mean of all of them. National estimate is then a sum of estimates for all regions.
Czech Republic2010TMStimulant2820027300291003.813.693.93739431695% CIPSU18 to 647We have adopted the EMCDDA PDU definition with one basic exception. There is not cocaine included in Czech PDU definition, because cocaine use prevalence is very low and almost not measurable.Benchmark = data from low threshold facilities, multiplier = nomination technique within questionnaire study among clients of low threshold facilities. We have obtained multiplier for all 14 regions - multiplier filled bellow is a mean of all of them. National estimate is then a sum of estimates for all regions.
Denmark1996CROverall1400712752152483.963.614.313535829n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 2
Denmark1996CROverall2046518862220675.785.336.233540427n.a.PDU15 to 641 Drug abusers having a persintant use of illegal drugs, including cannabis, which leeds to physical, psycological and social consequenses.2-sample capture-recapture using the National Registry of Patients and the National Register of Drug Abusers Undergoing Treatment.The estimate for 1996 is not directly comparable with the estimates for 1998 and 2001. For 1996 the National Register of Drug Abusers undergoing Treatment is not as complete as it is for the following years.
Denmark1998CROverall2443022488263746.886.337.43355131595% CIPDU15 to 641 Drug abusers having a persintant use of illegal drugs, including cannabis, which leeds to physical, psycological and social consequenses.The National Patient Register; National Register of Drug Abusers Undergoing Treatment
Denmark2001CROverall2541023629271917.136.637.63356217695% CIPDU15 to 641 Drug abusers having a persintant use of illegal drugs, including cannabis, which leeds to physical, psycological and social consequenses.2-sample capture-recapture using the National Registry of Patients and the National Register of Drug Abusers Undergoing Treatment.National Register of PatientsNational Register of Drug Abusers Undergoing Treatment.Estimate for 2001 is estimated to contain 6000 problem users of cannabis only.
Denmark2003CROverall2635824773279447.386.947.83357108395% CIPDU15 to 646 Drug abusers having a persintant use of illegal drugs incl. cannabis, which leeds to physical, psycological and social consequensesThe National Patient Register.National Register of Drug Abusers Undergoing Treatment.
Denmark2005CROverall2697925390285687.537.097.98358105895% CIPDU15 to 646 Drug abusers having a persintant use of illegal drugs incl. cannabis, which leeds to physical, psycological and social consequenses.The National Patient Register.National Register of Drug Abusers Undergoing Treatment.The estimate includes persistant use of cannabis leeding to physical, psycological and social consequenses. This does not match the EMCDDA definition.
Denmark2009CROverall3307431151349979.128.599.65362581895% CIPDU15 to 648The target population are clients admitted to treatment for their drug problems over all.Capture-recapture method with two registers;Sources: A) The National Patient Register (patients admitted to treatment at the hospital with the ICD-10 code:F11.1, F11.2, F11.9, F12.1, F12.2, F12.9, F14.1, F14.2, F14.9, F15.1, F15.2, F15.9, F19.1, F19.2,F19.9). B) National Register of Drug Abusers undergoing treatment (clients admitted to treatment for their drug problems, including persistant use of cannabis).
Germany1996PMOverall 140843165424 2.522.9655846564n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 12
Germany1996TMOverall 94350140600 1.692.5255846564n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 12 Mortality and HIV/AIDS multipliers are assumed to give estimates of injecting drug use, which is only part of the problem drug use. The police and treatment multiplier methods are assumed to result in estimates to problem drug use (EMCDDA definition of problem drug is "injecting drug use or long-duration/regular use of opiates, cocaine and/or amphetamines").
Germany2000MIOverall157482 2.82 55915209n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 12
Germany2000OTOverall 127800160000 2.292.8955915209n.a.PDU15 to 642 ; 6 ; 99 Demographic multiplier method, results are less reliable and not included in overall country range.
Germany2000PMOverall 152529189954 2.733.455915209n.a.PDU15 to 643 ; 6 ; 7
Germany2000TMOverall 166345197534 2.973.5355915209n.a.PDU15 to 643 ; 6 ; 7
Germany2003PMOpioid 920001230001.72.255682281n.a.PDUall ages9 ; 10 ; 11 Opiate usersHeroin users potentially registered by the policedrug related deaths registered by police
Germany2003PMOpioid 144000182000 2.73.455682281n.a.PDUall ages9 ; 10 ; 11 Opiate usersHeroin users registered by the policedrug related deaths registered by police
Germany2003TMOpioid 109000177000 23.255682281n.a.PDUall ages9 ; 10 ; 11 Problematic opiate usersTreatment monitoring system: outpatient.Treatment monitoring system: inpatient.
Germany2004OTOpioid 6800091000 1.21.656470487n.a.PDU15 to 6416 Opiate usersMultiplier method: Extrapolation from mortality data.Heroin users registered by the police.Drug related deaths registered by police.Police-mortality multiplier.
Germany2004PMOpioid 1360001720002.4356470487n.a.PDU15 to 6416 Opiate usersMultiplier method: Extrapolation from mortality data.Heroin users registered by the police.drug related deaths registered by police.
Germany2004TMOpioid 102000164000 1.82.956470487n.a.PDU15 to 6417 problem opiate useMultiplier method: Extrapolation from treatment data.Treatment monitoring system:outpatient and inpatient.
Germany2005PMOpioid 1280001660002.3355209000n.a.PDU15 to 6418 problematic users of opiatesHeroin users registered by the police.Drug related deaths registered by police
Germany2005TMOpioid 164000195000 33.555209000n.a.PDU15 to 6418 problematic users of opiatesTreatment monitoring system: outpatient.Treatment monitoring system: inpatient
Germany2006PMOpioid 1174591585972.132.8755208800n.a.PDU15 to 6421 Extrapolation based on suspects firstly registered by the police as users of "hard drugs".Special police register, containing information on users firstly registered as "hard drug".DRD police register.Scientific study indicating the average period a users stays within the drug scene
Germany2006PMOpioid 762351080001.381.9655209000n.a.PDU15 to 6421 Drug related deaths registered by police
Germany2006TMOpioid & Stimulant16700019800033.655208800n.a.PDU15 to 64Problem opioid, cocaine and amphetamine usersCalculations based on treatment data including clients with cocaine and amphetamine problems
Germany2006TMOpioid1364051619822.52.955208800n.a.PDU15 to 6422 ; 24Extrapolation from treatment data stemming from two different sources. Monitoring system: outpatient treatment (national treatment statistics, "Deutsche Suchthilfestatistik").National extrapolation based on number of clients treated for opiate related problems (F11) in outpatient treatment. Monitoring system: inpatient treatment in hospitals (national statistics) ("Krankenhausdiagnosestatistik").Extrapolation based on number of clients treated for opiate related problems (F11) in inpatient treatment.
Germany2007PMOpioid10764414948922.755208800n.a.PDU15 to 6423Extrapolation based on suspects firstly registered by the police as users of "hard drugs".Special police register, containing information on users firstly registered as "hard drug".Firstly registered offenders. DRD police register. firstly registered offenders among DRD.Scientific study indicating the average period a user stays within the drug scene
Germany2007PMOpioid820001161671.52.155208800n.a.PDU15 to 6423Drug related deaths registered by police. Deaths following intentional or unintentional overdose/ Deaths as a result of long-term abuse/ Suicide resulting from despair about the circumstances of life or the effects of withdrawal symptoms/ Fatal accidents suffered by people under the influence of drugs; assumptions about mortality rates (0.012-0.017)
Germany2007TMOpioid1313711560042.382.8355208800n.a.PDU15 to 6425 ; 26Extrapolation from treatment data stemming from two different sources.Monitoring system: outpatient treatment facilities (national treatment statistics, "Deutsche Suchthilfestatistik"). Extrapolation based on number of clients treated for opiate related problems (F1) in outpatient treatment facilities.Monitoring system: inpatient drug treatment in hospitals (statistical report on hospital diagnoses, "Krankenhausdiagnosestatistik").Extrapolation based on number of clients treated for opiate related problems (F1) in intpatient treatment in hospitals
Germany2007TMOpioid & Stimulant16684519812833.655208800n.a.PDU15 to 6425 ; 26Extrapolation from treatment data stemming from two different sources. Monitoring system: outpatient treatment facilities (national treatment statistics, "Deutsche Suchthilfestatistik"). extrapolation based on number of clients treated for opiate, cocaine and stimulants related problems (F11, F14, F15) in outpatient treatment facilities. Monitoring system: inpatient drug treatment in hospitals (statistical report on hospital diagnoses, "Krankenhausdiagnosestatistik"), extrapolation based on number of clients treated for opiate, cocaine and stimulants related problems (F11, F14, F15) in inpatient treatment in hospitals
Germany2008MMOpioid852351207501.542.1955208800n.a.PDU15 to 6427Drug-related death cases registered by the police. Deaths following intentional or unintentional overdose; deaths as a result of long-term abuse; suicide resulting from despair about the circumstances of life or the effects of withdrawal
Germany2008PMOpioid987511373541.792.4955208800n.a.PDU15 to 6427Extrapolation based on suspects registered as users of "hard drugs" by the police for the first time. Special police register containing information on "hard drug" users who have come to the notice of police for the first time (incidence).Offenders registered for the first time. Drug related death cases police register. offenders registered for the first time among DRD cases. Scientific study indicating the average period a user stays within the drug scene
Germany2008TMOpioid1546471836432.843.3754417400n.a.PDU15 to 6428;29National extrapolation from treatment data stemming from two different sources (i.e. the German Statistical Report on Treatment Centres for Substance Use Disorders [Deutsche Suchthilfestatistik, DSHS] and the Statistical Report on Hospital Diagnoses). In particular, the overall figure of treated cases is calculated on the basis of recorded client figures in outpatient and inpatient treatment, the total figure of counselling facilities as well as a multiplier (due to the lack of full coverage) for reaching the target group. The multiplier derives from respective publications providing estimates of problematic use of illicit substances and help-seeking behaviour in the general population and comparisons to the availability of substance use health care in the same area. Moreover, the minimum and maximum estimate corresponds to the calculation when estimating a 20% or a 5% double counting rate, respectively. Compared to the previous years, a new source of information was used for acquiring an updated total number
Germany2008TMOpioid & Stimulant1968362337433.624.3054417400n.a.PDU15 to 6428;29National extrapolation from treatment data stemming from two different sources (i.e. the German Statistical Report on Treatment Centres for Substance Use Disorders [Deutsche Suchthilfestatistik, DSHS] and the Statistical Report on Hospital Diagnoses). In particular, the overall figure of treated cases is calculated on the basis of recorded client figures in outpatient and inpatient treatment, the total figure of counselling facilities as well as a multiplier (due to the lack of full coverage) for reaching the target group. The multiplier derives from respective publications providing estimates of problematic use of illicit substances and help-seeking behaviour in the general population and comparisons to the availability of substance use health care in the same area. Moreover, the minimum and maximum estimate corresponds to the calculation when estimating a 20% or a 5% double counting rate, respectively. Compared to the previous years, a new source of information was used for acquiring an updated total numbe
Germany2009MMOpioid911291194021.672.1954417400n.a.PDU15 to 6430 ; 31 ; 32The number of drug-related deaths is extrapolated to the overall figure of opiate users in the population using the quota of drug-related deaths in outpatient treatment per year.Sources:A) Drug-related death cases registered by the police (deaths following intentional or unintentional overdose; deaths as a result of long-term abuse; suicide resulting from despair about the circumstances of life or the effects of withdrawal).B) Monitoring system: outpatient treatment facilities (national treatment statistics, German Statistical Report on Treatment Centres for Substance Use Disorders [Deutsche Suchthilfestatistik, DSHS])-Extrapolation based on the quota of drug related deaths in outpatient treatment per year.
Germany2009PMOpioid890141266091.642.3354417400n.a.PDU15 to 6430Extrapolation based on suspects registered as users of "hard drugs" by the police for the first time. The portion of persons in drug-related death cases already known to police is used respectively to calculate the estimated number of unknown cases.Sources:A)Special police register containing information on "hard drug" users who have come to the notice of police for the first time (incidence) (offenders registered for heroin use for the first time).B)Drug related death cases police register (offenders registered for heroin use for the first time among DRD cases (38% of source A)).C) Scientific study indicating the average period a user stays within the drug scene (an average connsumption period of 8 to 10 years is being assumed).
Germany2009TMOpioid1824432166513.394.0253877800n.a.PDU15 to 6433.34National extrapolation from treatment data stemming from two different sources (i.e. the German Statistical Report on Treatment Centres for Substance Use Disorders [Deutsche Suchthilfestatistik, DSHS] and the Statistical Report on Hospital Diagnoses). In particular, the overall figure of treated cases is calculated on the basis of recorded client figures in outpatient and inpatient treatment, the total figure of counselling facilities as well as a multiplier (due to the lack of full coverage) for reaching the target group. The multiplier derives from respective publications providing estimates of problematic use of illicit substances and help-seeking behaviour in the general population and comparisons to the availability of substance use health care in the same area. Moreover, the minimum and maximum estimate corresponds to the calculation when estimating a 20% or a 5% double counting rate, respectively. Compared o the previous years, since 2010 a new source of information was used for acquiring an updated to
Germany2009TMOpioid & Stimulant1441441711712.683.1853877800n.a.PDU15 to 6433.34National extrapolation from treatment data stemming from two different sources (i.e. the German Statistical Report on Treatment Centres for Substance Use Disorders [Deutsche Suchthilfestatistik, DSHS] and the Statistical Report on Hospital Diagnoses). In particular, the overall figure of treated cases is calculated on the basis of recorded client figures in outpatient and inpatient treatment, the total figure of counselling facilities as well as a multiplier (due to the lack of full coverage) for reaching the target group. The multiplier derives from respective publications providing estimates of problematic use of illicit substances and help-seeking behaviour in the general population and comparisons to the availability of substance use health care in the same area. Moreover, the minimum and maximum estimate corresponds to the calculation when estimating a 20% or a 5% double counting rate, respectively. Compared to the previous years, since 2010 a new source of information was used for acquiring an updated t
Germany2010MMOpioid824671374441.532.5553877800n.a.PDU15 to 6434 ; 35 ; 36The number of drug-related deaths is extrapolated to the overall figure of opiate users in the population using the quota of drug-related deaths in outpatient treatment per year.
Germany2010PMOpioid814931166281.512.1653877800n.a.PDU15 to 6435Extrapolation based on suspects registered as users of "hard drugs" by the police for the first time. The portion of persons in drug-realted death cases already known to police is used respectively to calculate the estimated number of unknown cases.
Ireland1996CROverall 630813735 2.695.862342670n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 2 Combined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson.6308: estimate for problematic opiate users with medical problems; 13735: estimate for opiate users with both medical and social/legal problems; The higher figure only is compatible with the EMCDDA definition of problem drug use and is used for country comparisons.
Ireland2000CROpioid1415812884158835.65.16.32538900n.a.PDU15 to 641 Problem opiate usersClients on the Central Methadone Treatment List in 2000.Hospital discharges in 2000 with ICD 9 codes 304.0, 304.7 and 305.5.Police database, individuals known by the police to be opiate users in 2000
Ireland2001CROpioid1445213405158195.75.26.12588700n.a.PDU15 to 641 Problem opiate usersClients on the Central Methadone Treatment List in 2000.Hospital discharges in 2000 with ICD 9 codes 304.0, 304.7 and 305.5.Police database, individuals known by the police to be opiate users in 2000
Ireland2006CROpioid2079018136235767.26.28.1290747395% CIPDU15 to 643 ; 4Opiate users receiving methadone treatment, admitted to an acute general hospital or in contact with the police during 2006. The opiate users were captured from three data sources: Central Treatment List, Hospital In-Patient Enquiry Scheme and the Police Pulse data system. Hospital discharges in 2006 with one or more opiate related ICD 10 codesThe three data sources employed to generate the estimate were the Central (methadone) Treatment List, Hospital In-Patient Enquiry Scheme and Garda PULSE data. A log linear modelling approach was used to analyse the data. The Central Treatment List was established under Statutory Instrument No 225 (Minister for Health and Children 1998) following the Report of the Methadone Treatment Services Review Group 1998. This list is administered by the Drug Treatment Centre Board on behalf of the Health Service Executive and is a complete register of all patients receiving methadone (for treatment of opiate misuse) in Ireland. When a person is considered suitable for methadone detoxification or maintenance, the prescribing doctor applies to the Central Treatment List for a place on the list and a treatment card for the client. The card is issued by staff of the Central Treatment List and retained by the dispensing pharmacist. Methadone cannot be dispensed to an individual unless the pharmacist has the client's trea
Greece2001CROverall2551221643293813.63.054.157087000n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3 Combined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson estimates.
Greece2002CROverall1848115853216522.472.122.97468395n.a.PDU15 to 642 Problem heroin usersTreatment.Estimate cannot be compared with 2001 due to different methodology.
Greece2003CROverall1776715419205632.382.072.76746193895% CIPDUall ages1 Treatment demands at KETHEA services.Treatment demands at "18 ANO" services.Treatment demands at other services
Greece2004CROpioid2630201735080.710.540.95370777095% CIPDU15 to 641 Female problem opiate usersTreatment demands at KETHEA's services.Treatment demands at "18 ANO" services.Treatment demands at other services.
Greece2004CROpioid1656914338192464.43.815.11376288795% CIPDU15 to 641 Male problem opiate usersTreatment demands at KETHEA's services.Treatment demands at "18 ANO" services.Treatment demands at other services
Greece2004CROpioid1960117115225502.622.293.02747065795% CIPDU15 to 641 problem opiate useTreatment demands at KETHEA's services.Treatment demands at "18 ANO" services.Treatment demands at other services
Greece2005CROpioid1915117335212092.562.322.84747756195% CIPDU15 to 644 problem opiate useTreatment demands at KETHEA's services.Treatment demands at "18 ANO" services.Treatment demands at other services.The analysis was carried out by fitting a model to the 4-way table: Source A x Source B x Source C x Year (2004-2005).
Greece2005CROpioid1659614885185554.43.954.92377062095% CIPDU15 to 644 Male problem opiate usersTreatment demands at KETHEA's services.Treatment demands at "18 ANO" services.Treatment demands at other services.The analysis was carried out by fitting a model to the 4-way table: Source A x Source B x Source C x Year (2004-2005).
Greece2005CROpioid2421200329620.650.540.8370694195% CIPDU15 to 644 Female problem opiate usersTreatment demands at KETHEA's services.Treatment demands at "18 ANO" services.Treatment demands at other services.The analysis was carried out by fitting a model to the 4-way table: Source A x Source B x Source C x Year (2004-2005).
Greece2006CROverall2014618285222522.72.452.98747109095% CIPDU15 to 643Treatment seeking with primary substance opiatesModel fitted the 4-way table: Source A x Source B x Source C x Year (2005-2006).Treatment demands KETHEA servicesTreatment demands "18 ANO" services.Treatment demands other services.Other substances in EMCDDA definition (cocaine, amphetamines) are numerically insignificant.
Greece2006CROpioid2014618285222522.72.452.98747109095% CIPDU15 to 643Treatment seeking with primary substance opiatesModel fitted the 4-way table: Source A x Source B x Source C x Year (2005-2006).Treatment demands KETHEA services.Treatment demands "18 ANO" services.Treatment demands other services
Greece2007CROverall2051618224231812.732.433.09751194895% CIPDU15 to 6433 source Capture-Recapture, "KETHEA" treatment services, "18 ANO" treatment services.
Greece2008CROverall2018117502233912.682.333.11752262295% CIPDU15 to 6433 source Capture-Recapture. "KETHEA" treatment services. "18 ANO" treatment services. Other treatment services. Treatment demands
Greece2009CROverall2409721362272723.192.833.61754450395% CIPDU15 to 6433 source Capture-Recapture:1)"KETHEA" treatment services (Treatment demands). 2) "18 ANO" treatment services (Treatmnet demands). 3) Other treatment services(Treatment demands).
Greece2010CROverall2251520202251712.992.683.34753957395% CIPDU15 to 643The target population refers to opioid users within the age interval of 15-64 years old.4 source Capture-Recapture:1)"KETHEA" treatment services (Treatment demands). 2) "18 ANO" treatment services (Treatmnet demands). 3) Other treatment services(Treatment demands).
Spain1998TMOpioid177756 6.6 26923202n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3 Problematic opiate users.
Spain1999OTOpioid116298 4.3 27022926n.a.PDU15 to 641 Problematic opiate users.Demographic multiplier method, results are less reliable and not included in overall country range.
Spain1999TMOpioid148763 5.51 27022926n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3 Problematic opiate users.
Spain2000OTOverall 182498214152 6.727.8927157975n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3 Demographic multiplier method, results are less reliable and not included in overall country range.Combined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson estimates.Treatment admissions data.Problematic drug users using as data source treatment admissions data.Multiplier method for opiates and demographic method (low and high bound) for cocaine.Multiplier data for opiates has been corrected for admissions reporting both opiate and cocaine use
Spain2000OTOverall 141224229973 5.058.2327157975n.a.PDU15 to 643 problematic opiate and cocaine usersDemographic method treatment admissions (first treatment admissions for opiates and for cocaine, and then added up).Mean number of years of cocaine use for all admissions and, probably as an upper limit, 2* mean number of years of cocaine use for new admissions (first treatment)
Spain2000OTStimulant 4163973293 1.492.6227157975n.a.PDU15 to 643 problematic cocaine usersDemographic method treatment admissions (cocaine main drug; first treatment admission).Mean number of years of cocaine use for all admissions and, probably as an upper limit, 2* mean number of years of cocaine use for new admissions (first treatment)
Spain2000OTOverall 99585156680 3.565.6127157975n.a.PDU15 to 643 Problematic opiate users.Demographic method treatment admissions data (first treatment subjects who mention opiate use).Mean number of years of opiate use for all admissions and, probably as an upper limit, 2* mean number of years of opiate use for new admissions (first treatment)
Spain2000TMOpioid144198 5.31 27157975n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3 Problematic opiate users.Combined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson estimates.
Spain2001OTOpioid 95733145970 3.435.2227950634n.a.PDU15 to 643 Problematic opiate users.Demographic method treatment admissions data (first treatment subjects who mention opiate use).Mean number of years of opiate use for all admissions and, probably as an upper limit, 2* mean number of years of opiate use for new admissions (first treatment)
Spain2001OTStimulant 4903886250 1.753.0927950634n.a.PDU15 to 643 problematic cocaine usersDemographic method treatment admissions (cocaine main drug; first treatment admission).Mean number of years of cocaine use for all admissions and, probably as an upper limit, 2* mean number of years of cocaine use for new admissions (first treatment)
Spain2001OTOverall 144771232220 5.188.3127950634n.a.PDU15 to 643 problematic opiate and cocaine usersDemographic method treatment admissions (first treatment admissions for opiates and for cocaine, and then added up).Mean number of years of cocaine use for all admissions and, probably as an upper limit, 2* mean number of years of cocaine use for new admissions (first treatment)
Spain2001OTOverall 182775219987 6.547.8727950634n.a.PDU15 to 643 problematic drug usersMultiplier method for opiates and demographic method (low and high bound) for cocaine treatment admissions data.Multiplier data for opiates has been corrected for admissions reporting both opiate and cocaine use.
Spain2001TMOpioid137107 4.91 27950634n.a.PDU15 to 643 Problematic opiate users.Treatment multiplier.Spanish treatment indicator (treatment admissions data)multiplier obtained from a 1996 survey to persons admitted into treatment, heroin being their primary drug * *only those admissions to centres included into SEIT were taken into account (26.2%).
Spain2002OTOpioid 71964102822 2.573.6827950634n.a.PDU15 to 643 Problematic opiate users.Demographic method treatment admissions data (first treatment subjects who mention opiate use).Mean number of years of opiate use for all admissions and, probably as an upper limit, 2* mean number of years of opiate use for new admissions (first treatment)
Spain2002OTStimulant 124964166926 4.475.9727950634n.a.PDU15 to 643 problematic cocaine usersDemographic method treatment admissions (cocaine main drug; first treatment admission).Mean number of years of cocaine use for all admissions and, probably as an upper limit, 2* mean number of years of cocaine use for new admissions (first treatment)
Spain2002OTOverall 196928269748 7.059.6527950634n.a.PDU15 to 643 problematic opiate and cocaine usersDemographic method treatment admissions (first treatment admissions for opiates and for cocaine, and then added up).Mean number of years of cocaine use for all admissions and, probably as an upper limit, 2* mean number of years of cocaine use for new admissions (first treatment)
Spain2002OTOverall 233827275789 8.379.8727950634n.a.PDU15 to 643 problematic drug usersMultiplier method for opiates and demographic method (low and high bound) for cocaine treatment admissions data.Multiplier data for opiates has been corrected for admissions reporting both opiate and cocaine use.
Spain2002TMOpioid112851 4.04 27950634n.a.PDU15 to 643 Problematic opiate users.Treatment multiplier Spanish treatment indicator (treatment admissions data) *only those admissions to centres included into SEIT were taken into account .
Spain2006TMOpioid4103638719463491.351.281.4495% CIPDU15 to 643Treatment data from 2006 and GPS multiplier 2007. Among key treatment data, those with heroin as the principal drug for that treatment. Heroin users nominates in the 2007 Household Survey.
Spain2007TMOpioid4125738927438831.321.251.413118807995% C.I.PDU15 to 643Treatment multiplier with data from nominates at the GPS. Sources: A)Treatment Indicator data. Key.Among key treatment data, those with heroin as the principal drug for that treatment.B) Heroin users nominates in the 2007 Household Survey.Nominated heroin last 12 months users who, according to the interviewed person, started heroin treatment during the previous 12 months.
Spain2008TMOpioid4001537904427301.261.191.343186900895% C.I.PDU15 to 643Treatment multiplier with data from nominates at the GPS.Sources.Multiplier was obtained using data from General Population Survey: A)Treatment Indicator Data. Key.Among key treatment data, those with heroin as the main drug for that treatment.B) Heroin users nominates in the 2007 Household Survey.Nominated last 12 months users who, according to the interviewed person, started heroin treatment during the previous 12 months.
Spain2009TMOpioid3693334984394381.151.091.233214502395% C.I.PDU15 to 643Problematic heroin usersTreatment multiplier with data from nominees at the General Population Survey.
France1995OTOverall176000 4.66 37736396n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 2 Demographic multiplier method, results are less reliable and not included in overall country range.
France1995PMOverall164000 4.35 37736396n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 2
France1995TMOverall156000 4.13 37736396n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 2
France1999CMOverall164477 4.293.864.7638319447n.a.PDUother1 problematic cocaine or opiates usersMultiplier (demographic, treatment, police), multivariate indicator.November Drug Addiction Survey (drud addiction tratment centres)National File of Perpetrators of Drug-Related Offences (police arrests for using and using and selling opiates or cocaine).System for Information on Availability of medicinal Injection and Substitution Materials (sales of Steribox and Subutex)Local estimations of the prevalence of problemati drug user (Capture-Recapture)
France1999MIOverall178000 4.67 38131287n.a.PDU15 to 642
France1999OTOverall146400 3.84 38131287n.a.PDU15 to 642 Demographic multiplier method, results are less reliable and not included in overall country range.
France1999OTOverall146400 4.5 32534000n.a.PDUother1 cocaine or heroine usersDemographic Method.November drug addiction survey.November drug addiction survey
France1999PMOverall 147900182600 3.884.7938131287n.a.PDU15 to 642
France1999TMOverall180000 4.72 38131287n.a.PDU15 to 642
France2006MIOverall2640001890003380006.84.98.73878787195% CIPDU15 to 647 ; 8Intravenous drug user or long duration/regular user of opiates, cocaine or amphetamines during the previous year in the 15-64 age group.Six variables were initially considered for each mainland department, expressed as levels per 100,000 inhabitants between 15 and 64 years old: the number of people receiving treatment; the number of low-threshold centre users; Stéribox ® (sterile syringe kit) sales figures; methadone sales figures; high dose buprenorphine (HDB) sales figures; and drug law offences (ILS). Five other socio-demographic indicators were subsequently considered: unemployment rate; medium income; enrolment percentage for 17 to 25-year-olds in a higher education establishment; population receiving social assistance or specific grants; population with French universal Social Security cover (CMU).Firstly, a correlation matrix was produced for the variables concerned in order to identify statistically significant relationships. Secondly, the variables used were subjected to a principal component analysis (PCA), with the aim of weighting each individual statistic (in this case the 96 mainland départements) in order to estimate the use
France2006TMOverall2720002090003670007.05.49.53878787195% CIPDU15 to 647 ; 8 ; 9Intravenous drug user or long duration/regular user of opiates, cocaine or amphetamines during the previous year in the 15-64 age group.The (N = B / c) method is based on the ability to estimate two values: B: the number of drug users undergoing treatment in a given year; c: the probability, for a drug user, of being treated during the year. These values are not directly available in France although they may be estimated from substitution treatment data, which are widely accessible for drug users. Based on HDB and methadone sales data in 2006, and using the currently accepted hypotheses on average daily doses prescribed for these two drugs (8 mg for HDB and 60 mg for methadone), the number of drug users receiving substitution treatment in mainland France can be estimated at 85,000. These data are also available on a departmental scale. They can therefore be compared to the estimates of the number of problem drug users from the NEMO studies in order to estimate the probability of a problem drug user receiving this type of treatment. NEMO study Six "three-sample capture/recapture analyses" were carried out in 2005-2006 in order to estimate t
France2006PMOverall1870001440002530004.83.76.53878787195% CIPDU15 to 647 ; 8 ; 10Intravenous drug user or long duration/regular user of opiates, cocaine or amphetamines during the previous year in the 15-64 age group.The (N = B / c) method is based on the ability to estimate two values: �B: Number of drug users arrested by the police in a given year �c: probability, for a drug user, of being arrested by the police in a given year. In 2005-2006 , there were 15,118 arrests for drug law offences involving heroin or cocaine use. These arrests represent an approximation for the number B. The people concerned are not all "problem drug users" as defined in the European protocol (see above), as an occasional user can be arrested by the police. Nevertheless, it is very likely that people arrested by the police will meet the criteria enabling them to be included in the target group. In addition, the statistics record numbers of arrests and not numbers of people arrested. A study published by the OFDT in 1998 examined this difference and found, amongst other things, that the average number of arrests per person for heroin was 1.38 [16]. More recently, OCRTIS compared these arrest statistics to the number of people involved. In 20
Italy1996CROverall274000 7.01 39099069n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3
Italy1996MIOverall248672 6.36 39099069n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3
Italy1996OTOverall239987 6.14 39099069n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3 Demographic multiplier method, results are less reliable and not included in overall country range.
Italy1996PMOverall171531 4.39 39099069n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3
Italy1996TMOverall298989 7.65 39099069n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3
Italy1999CROverall297711 7.62 39065503n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3
Italy1999MIOverall302829 7.75 39065503n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3
Italy1999PMOverall281273 7.2 39065503n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3
Italy1999TMOverall276746 7.08 39065503n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3
Italy2000CROverall309850 7.95 38989709n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3
Italy2000MIOverall319447 8.19 38989709n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3
Italy2000TMOverall292196 7.49 38989709n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3
Italy2001CROverall268660 6.89 38974209n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3 Combined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson estimates.
Italy2001MIOverall233075 5.98 38974209n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3 Combined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson estimates.
Italy2001PMOverall251864 6.46 38974209n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3 Combined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson estimates.
Italy2001TMOverall279820 7.18 38974209n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3 Combined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson estimates.
Italy2002CROverall2818442731962907897.257.037.483886678895% CIPDU15 to 641 Combined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson estimates. All intervals are 95% Poisson C.I. based on provincial area breakdown estimates.Ministry of Health data on IDUs attending public treatment services (Ser.T)
Italy2002MIOverall3140023038563244428.087.828.353886678895% CIPDU15 to 641 Combined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson estimates. All intervals are 95% Poisson C.I. based on provincial area breakdown estimatesSer.T., Ministry of the Interior data on arrests for drug offences and HIV/AIDS register data
Italy2002PMOverall3066532969343166747.897.648.153886678895% CIPDU15 to 641 Combined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson estimates. All intervals are 95% Poisson C.I. based on provincial area breakdown estimates.Ministry of the Interior data on arrests for drug offences
Italy2002TMOverall2700962610362795096.956.727.193886678895% CIPDU15 to 641 Combined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson estimates. All intervals are 95% Poisson C.I. based on provincial area breakdown estimates.Ministry of Health data on IDUs attending public treatment services (Ser.T).
Italy2003CROverall2756982670482845907.26.987.443827312395% CIPDU15 to 642 Ministry of Health data on drug users attending public drug treatment services (Ser.T.)
Italy2003MIOverall2988922890103089777.817.558.073827312395% CIPDU15 to 642 Ministry of Health data on IDUs attending public drug treatment services (Ser.T.)
Italy2003TMOverall2858382764622954647.477.227.723827312395% CIPDU15 to 642 Ministry of Health data on drug users attending public drug treatment services (Ser.T.)
Italy2004CROverall2739032649652831477.16.877.343856941495% CIPDU15 to 6413 Ministry of Health data on drug users attending public drug treatment services (Ser.T.)
Italy2004MIOverall3080982980853184177.997.738.263856941495% CIPDU15 to 6413 Ministry of Health data on drug users attending public drug treatment services (Ser.T.). Ministry of the Interior data on arrests for drug offences.Ministry of the Interior data on referrals to the Prefec.tMinistry of Justice data on drug user in prison.
Italy2004MMOverall2972822877423071347.717.467.963856941495% CIPDU15 to 6413 Ministry of the Interior data on arrests for drug offences.Ministry of the Interior data on referrals to the Prefect.Ministry of the Interior data on drug related deaths.
Italy2004TMOverall3118143020053219368.087.838.353856941495% CIPDU15 to 6413 Ministry of Health data on drug users attending public drug treatment services (Ser.T.)
Italy2005CROverall2877212782712974747.47.27.73882732295% CIPDU15 to 6418 Ministry of Health data on drug users attending public drug treatment services (Ser.T.).Ministry of Health data on drug users attending private drug treatment services
Italy2005MIOverall3229983128993334018.38.18.63882732295% CIPDU15 to 6418 Ministry of Health data on drug users attending public drug treatment services (Ser.T.).Ministry of Health data on drug users attending private drug treatment services.Ministry of the Interior data on arrests for drug offences.Ministry of the Interior data on referrals to the Prefect.Ministry of Justice data on drug user in prison
Italy2005MIOpioid2231042047942439715.75.36.33882732295% CIPDU15 to 6418 problem opiate users (primary opiate users)Ministry of Health data on drug users attending public drug treatment services (Ser.T.).Ministry of Health data on drug users attending private drug treatment services.Ministry of the Interior data on arrests for drug offences.Ministry of the Interior data on referrals to the Prefec.tMinistry of Justice data on drug user in prison
Italy2005MIStimulant1431741296771578633.73.34.13882732295% CIPDU15 to 6418 problem stimulant users (primary cocaine/amphetamine users)Ministry of Health data on drug users attending public drug treatment services (Ser.T.).Ministry of Health data on drug users attending private drug treatment services.Ministry of the Interior data on arrests for drug offences.Ministry of the Interior data on referrals to the Prefect.Ministry of Justice data on drug user in prison
Italy2005MMOverall3041042943853141327.87.68.13882732295% CIPDU15 to 6418 Ministry of the Interior data on arrests for drug offences.Ministry of the Interior data on referrals to the Prefect.Ministry of the Interior data on drug related deaths
Italy2005TMOverall3145202348033045398.17.88.43882732295% CIPDU15 to 6418 Ministry of Health data on drug users attending public drug treatment services (Ser.T.)
Italy2005TMOpioid19564917998521324054.65.53882732295% CIPDU15 to 6418 problem opiate users (primary opiate users)Ministry of Health data on drug users attending public drug treatment services (Ser.T.)
Italy2005TMStimulant1260461136471390773.22.93.63882732295% CIPDU15 to 6418 problem stimulant users (primary cocaine/amphetamine users)Ministry of Health data on drug users attending public drug treatment services (Ser.T.)
Italy2006MIOpioid & Stimulant3289503183593410228.458.198.7738875440SAPDU15 to 6420 Ministry of Health.Ministry of Interior.Ministry of Justice.Provincial administrative area.Number of unique iniiduals not available as it is not possible to cross data at national level
Italy2006MIOpioid2249322056042474765.785.296.3638875440SAPDU15 to 6420 Ministry of Health.Ministry of Interior.Ministry of Justice.Provincial administrative area brekdown.Number of unique individuals not available as it is not possible to cross data at national level
Italy2006MIStimulant1586791445781745574.083.724.4938875440SAPDU15 to 6420 Ministry of Health.Ministry of Interior.Ministry of Justice.Provincial administrative area breakdown.Number of unique individuals not available as it is not possible to cross data at national level
Italy2007MIOpioid & Stimulant3371873157883524578.648.099.0339016635SAPDU15 to 6425Ministry of Health, Drug users treated in public outpatient services with opiates or stimulants as primary substance. Ministry of the Interior. Drug users referred to the Prefect for possession of opiates or stimulants for personal consumption. Drug users in treatment in private outpatient/inpatient services at the date of June 30th 2007 with opiates or stimulants as primary substance. Subjects that have committed crimes against drug laws involving opiates or stimulants. Ministry of Justice. Drug users in prison at the date of 31 December with opiates or stimulants as primary substance. Number of unique individuals not available because it is not possible to cross data at national level
Italy2007MIOpioid2185002039782453315.65.236.2939016635SAPDU15 to 6425Ministry of Health, Drug users treated in public outpatient services with opiates as primary substance. Ministry of the Interior. Drug users referred to the Prefect for possession of opiates for personal consumption. Drug users in treatment in private outpatient/inpatient services at the date of June 30th 2007 with opiates as primary substance. Subjects that have committed crimes against drug laws involving opiates. Ministry of Justice. Drug users in prison at the date of 31 December with opiates as primary substance. Number of unique individuals not available because it is not possible to cross data at national level
Italy2007MIStimulant1674561495521847894.293.834.7439016635SAPDU15 to 6425Ministry of Health, Drug users treated in public outpatient services with stimulants as primary substance. Ministry of the Interior. Drug users referred to the Prefect for possession of stimulants for personal consumption. Drug users in treatment in private outpatient/inpatient services at the date of June 30th 2007 with stimulants as primary substance. Subjects that have committed crimes against drug laws involving stimulants. Ministry of Justice. Drug users in prison at the date of 31 December with stimulants as primary substance. Number of unique individuals not available because it is not possible to cross data at national level
Italy2008TMOpioid & Stimulant3850003750003950009.89.510.195% CIPDU15 to 64
Italy2008TMOpioid2100002040002160005.55.35.795% CIPDU15 to 64
Italy2008TMStimulant1720001660001780004.44.24.695% CIPDU15 to 64
Italy2009TMOpioid2160002095002225005.55.35.63953120295% CIPDU15 to 6427Opioid and Cocaine users eligible for treatmentMultiplier estimated on the basis of recent local studies applied to treatment prevalence data stratifiend by substance. Sources: A) Public treatment services. Addicts in treatment by substance related to treatment
Italy2009TMStimulant1780001716001844004.54.34.73953120295% CIPDU15 to 6427Multiplier estimated on the basis of recent local studies applied to treatment prevalence data by substance. Sources: A) Public treatment servicies. Addicts in treatment by substance related to treatment
Italy2009Opioid & Stimulant39349038250040450010.09.710.23953120295% CIPDU15 to 6427Opioid and Cocaine users eligible for treatmentMultiplier estimated on the basis of recent local studies applied to treatment prevalence data stratifiend by substance. Sources:A)Public treatment services.B) Addicts in treatment by substance related to treatment
Italy2010TMOpioid2184231972852311065.55.05.839655921SAPDU15 to 6427Opioid use only.Multiplier estimated on the basis of recent local studies applied to treatment prevalence data stratified by substance
Cyprus2004TPOpioid94973412691.9081.5312.55149730095% CIPDU15 to 641Heroin Drug UsersTruncated Poisson (Chao's formula).Treatment Demand: drug users requesting treatment for their drug use during the specific year.It is the first time problem drug use is being calculated in Cyprus. The results could be biased by the newly established detox centre where methadone is used (first time in Cyprus). This couls result in a large number of users repeatedly requesting treatment in this particular centre (and indeed, we could observe the largest numbers of double/ triple etc. counts there).
Cyprus2005TPOpioid6925489091.341.061.7651610095% CIPDU15 to 642Heroin Drug UsersTruncated Poisson (Chao's formula).Treatment Demand data.Treatment Demand data. TP (Chao's formula). The estimate should be treated with great caution, as the coverage of the Treatment Data for the year 2005 is lower than the respective one in 2004 (no data could be provided from Central Prison). Additionally, the number of drug users asking treatment repeatedly in one centre was higher than in 2004. The number of total population and population 15-64 years of age is based on the recent estimates referring to the end of 2004 (Satistical Service, 2005)
Cyprus2006TPOther8016849661.51.281.8153280095% CIPDU15 to 64IDUs or long term/regular users of opiates or cocaine. Truncated Poisson method (Chao's formula) based on treatment demand data.Treatment demand data.n.a..The estimate should be treated with caution, as the number of drug users asking treatment repeatedly within the year was higher than in 2005.
Cyprus2006TPOpioid6075127471.130.961.453280095% CIPDU15 to 643 ; 4Persons with a long term career/ intravenous/regular use of heroin (as a primary drug).Truncated Poisson method (Chao's formula) based on treatment demand data.Treatment demand data.n.a.The estimate should be treated with caution, as the number of drug users asking treatment repeatedly within the year was higher.
Cyprus2007TPOpioid & Stimulant1991159125413.662.924.6754325095% CIPDU15 to 645Long term/ regular opioid and/ or cocaine users.Treatment demand data. Person in treatment during 2007, with a long term career/intravenous/regular use of opiates or cocaine (as a primary drug).
Cyprus2007TPOpioid1599124121122.942.283.8854325095% CIPDU15 to 645Treatment demand data. Person in treatment during 2007, with a long term career/ intravenous/regular use of opiates (as a primary drug).
Cyprus2007CROpioid110889314132.031.642.654325095% CIPDU15 to 645 ; 6Treatment demand data. Person in treatment during 2007, with a long term career/intravenous/regular use of opiates (as a primary or secondary drug). Police data. Person charged for drug offenses related to opioids (indicating opioid use) in 2007.
Cyprus2008TPOpioid80866810081.51.21.855320095% CIPDU15 to 647Treatment demand data. Persons in treatment during 2008, with a long term career/ intravenous / regular use of opiates (as a primary drug).
Cyprus2008TPOpioid & Stimulant108790713372.01.62.455320095% CIPDU15 to 647Long term/ regular opioid and/ or cocaine users.Treatment demand data. Persons in treatment during 2008, with a long term career/ intravenous / regular use of opiates or cocaine (as a primary drug).
Cyprus2009TPOpioid104286812861.91.62.355899595% CIPDU15 to 648Treatment demand data.Persons in treatment during 2009, with a long term career/ intravenous / regular use of opiates (as a primary drug).
Cyprus2009TPOpioid & Stimulant1398118216882.52.13.055899595% CIPDU15 to 648Long term/ regular opioid and/ or cocaine users.Treatment demand data.Persons in treatment during 2009, with a long term career/ intravenous / regular use of opiates or cocaine (as a primary drug).
Cyprus2010TPOpioid6475787441.11.021.3256280095% CIPDU16 to 648Treatment demand data.Persons in treatment during 2009, with a long term career/ intravenous / regular use of opiates (as a primary drug).
Cyprus2010TPOpioid & Stimulant8677749931.51.371.7656280095% CIPDU17 to 648Long term/ regular opioid and/ or cocaine users.Treatment demand data.Persons in treatment during 2009, with a long term career/ intravenous / regular use of opiates or cocaine (as a primary drug).
Latvia2002MMOverall1944152129171.211.81591300n.a.PDUall ages2 Acute drug overdose (Forensic medicine expertise). Acute drug overdose (Health Statistics and Medical Technology Agency).State Narcology register
Latvia2006TMOverall479495883.16.21580414OTPDU15 to 644It is estimated (by combining individual level data from those sources who report to TDI system with data on actual treatment episodes during calendar year) that data on. All treatments in Latvia includes only 50 per cent of cases.Thus two prevalence figures are calculated by Treatment Multiplier method: 1) lowest estimate by using data that is reported in TDI and 2) highest estimate by taking into account estimated fraction of underreporting. Data from different treatment settings combined: out-patient data, in-patient data, data from those treatment centers who do not report via TDI protocol (prison, some out-patient treatment centres). Treatment data coverage in the number of clients is estimated not more than 50% (see, National Reports). Multiplier obtained in the Riga Drug Users' Cohort Study. Clients who have been treated during calendar year.
Latvia2010TMOverall18888150292523412.39.7916.42153598695% CIPDU15 to 64
Latvia2010TMStimulant65404.31535986n.a.PDU15 to 64
Latvia2010TMOpioid101696.61535986n.a.PDU15 to 64
Lithuania2006CMOpioid4300
Lithuania2007CROpioid5458531456052.42.32.4231620395% CIPDU15 to 643long duration/regular use of opioids and/or multiple drug use and use of other psychoactive substances (ICD10 - F19); PD users with F19 code comprises about 30% of total PD users, most of them (>90 percent) also used opioids or injected.Two sample capture-recapture method.Prison Department of Lithuania and Information Technology and Communications Department under the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania.Databases long duration/regular use of opioids and/or few drugs.State Mental Health Center database long duration/regular use of opioids and/or few drugs
Luxembourg1996OTOpioid1900 6.83 278367n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3 Problematic opiate users.
Luxembourg1996PMOverall1800 6.47 278367n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3 High-risk consumption problem drug users
Luxembourg1997PMOverall2100190023007.476.88.2281107n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 1 Combined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson estimates.
Luxembourg1998PMOverall 20202220 7.17.8284005n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 3 High-risk consumption problem drug users
Luxembourg1998TMOverall 19002200 6.77.8284005n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 1 High-risk consumption problem drug users
Luxembourg1999CMOverall 19123133 6.710.9287096n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 2 Combined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson.6308: estimate for problematic opiate users with medical problems, 13735: estimate for opiate users with both medical and social/legal problems. The higher figure only is compatible with the EMCDDA definition of problem drug use and is used for country comparisons.
Luxembourg1999CROverall2327151039268.15.313.7287096n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 2 Combined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson estimates.
Luxembourg1999PMOverall 23502625 8.29.1287096n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 2 High-risk consumption problem drug usersCombined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson estimates.
Luxembourg2000CMOverall 21322924 7.310.1291010n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 2 Combined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson estimates ; Truncated Poisson model, combined results of Chao and Zelterman estimators
Luxembourg2000CROverall 18013948 6.213.6291010n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 2 Combined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson estimates.
Luxembourg2007OTOverall2470208931997.76.59.932200095% CIPDU15 to 644Problem drug usersMulti-methods: Treament multiplier, Police multiplier, mortality multiplier, Capture-recapture (2,3 and 4 sources) and Truncated Poisson. Drug-related deaths, criminal justice system, drug treatment, infectious diseases registries and methadone programmes.
Luxembourg2007OTOther1900160824635.957.632200095% CIPDU15 to 644Problem heroin usersMulti-methods: Treament multiplier, Police multiplier, mortality multiplier, Capture-recapture (2,3 and 4 sources) and Truncated Poisson. Drug-related deaths, criminal justice system, drug treatment, infectious diseases registries and methadone programmes.
Hungary2005CROverall2420419333290753.482.784.186932000n.a.PDU15 to 642 Treatment Police
Hungary2007-08CROther3130278034800.450.400.50691270495% C.I.PDU15 to 644Heroin use. Opiates other than heroin were excluded. Target population: The group in which heroin use occured at least once in the given two-year period.The method was a two-source capture-recapture method, using police and treatment datasets. The two datasets were linked by a permanent, anonymous and individual identifier. Independence of the datasets was statistically tested, using age and gender. As there was statistically significant (p<0,001) difference between the capture mechanism of men and women, two estimates were made separately, and then point estimates were added up, and a common confidence interval was calculated using the different variances of the genders. Chapmans's formulas were used to calculate estimates and variances.Source: A) Police arrest dataset.Person arrested for possession of heroin. Heroin was confirmed by the forensic laboratory. Other opiate (e.g. methadone, buprenorhine etc.) cases were excluded.B): People appearing in specialised drug treatment centers in the given years.Person appearing in drug treatment in the two years and heroin use appeared as the reason for treatment. Heroin could be not only primary but secondary or ter
Hungary2007-08CRStimulant2732318138365083.952.625.28691270495% C.I.PDU15 to 644Target population: The group in which amphetamine use occured at least once in the given two-year period.The method was a two-source capture-recapture method, using police and treatment datasets. The two datasets were linked by a permanent, anonymous and individual identifier. Independence of the datasets was statistically tested, using age and gender. As there was statistically significant (p<0,001) difference between the capture mechanism of men and women, two estimates were made separately, and then point estimates were added up, and a common confidence interval was calculated using the different variances of the genders.Sources: A) Police arrest dataset.Person arrested for possession of amphetamine. Amphetamine was confirmed by the forensic laboratory. Ecstasy cases were excluded. B) People appearing in specialised drug treatment centers in the given years.Person appearing in drug treatment in the two years and amphetamine use appeared as the reason for treatment. Amphetamine could be not only primary but secondary or tertiary drug as well. Ecstasy cases were excluded.
Hungary2007-08CRCocaine55920.816912704n.a.PDU15 to 644Target population: The group in which cocaine use occured at least once in the given two-year period.The method was a two-source capture-recapture method, using police and treatment datasets. The two datasets were linked by a permanent, anonymous and individual identifier. Independence of the datasets was statistically tested, using age and gender. Cocaine users were categorised into 3 age groups in order to be statistically independent concerning age and gender. Age groups were 'under 23', '24-29' and 'above 30'. Three estimated were made, point estimates were added up. No overall confidence interwall was calculated as normal distrubution was assumed to be invalid, and Poisson distribution could not be used.Sources: A) Police arrest dataset.Person arrested for possession of cocaine. Cocainee was confirmed by the forensic laboratory. B) People appearing in specialised drug treatment centers in the given years.Person appearing in drug treatment in the two years and cocaine use appeared as the reason for treatment. Cocaine could be not only primary but secondary or tertiary drug as well.
Malta2004CROpioid1597149717235.85.46.227645295% CIPDU15 to 641 defined as 'daily heroin users'Methadone/substitution treatment (1 agency).Community Treatment (2 agencies)
Malta2005CROpioid1727162518746.25.86.728054895% CIPDU15 to 642 defined as 'daily heroin users'Methadone/Substitution Treatment.Community and Residential Treatment.Dual Diagnosis Unit.Prison Inmates Programmes
Malta2006CROpioid1606154116855.75.56.028069595% CIPDU12 to 643 defined as 'daily heroin users'DAILY HEROIN USERS. FOR MALTA, ONLY THIS DEFINITION CAN BE USED:(1) HEROIN USERS STILL REPRESENT THE PDU FOR THE MALTA SITUATION (2)THE DATA COLLLECTED FROM OUR TREATMENT AGENCIES (WHICH IS USED FOR THE PDU ESTIMATE) AND PROVIDED TO THE NFP, CAN ONLY BE RELIABLY ANALYSED BY USING THIS PARTICULAR DEFINITION. 'DAILY USE' WAS SELECTED AS AN APPROPRIATE PROXY FOR REGULAR USE FOR THE MALTESE TREATED POPULATION. INJECTING DRUG USE CANNOT BE CALCULATED AS INJECTING STATUS, CAN ONLY BE RELIABLY CALCULATED FOR FIRST EVER TREATED CLIENTS AND NOT FOR THE WHOLE TREATED POLULATION IN THE REPORTING YEAR. STIMULANT USERS AS A DEFINITION OF PDU DOES NOT APPLY TO THE MATLA SITUATION.
Malta2006CROpioid1606154116855.45.15.629955895% CIPDU12 to 643Daily users of heroin, since this client group consisted of 85% of all clients recieving treatment.Five source capture recapture method taking information of daily heroin users who were attending one or more of the five available services.Sources: B)Sedqa Government National Agency (Maltese Nationals and daily heroin users registered with the above-mentioned agency).B) Caritas Non Governmental Organisation (Maltese Nationals and daily heroin users registered with the above-mentioned agency). C) OASI Non Governmental Organisation (Maltese Nationals and daily heroin users registered with the above-mentioned agency) D) Dual Diagnosis Unit at Mt. Carmel Psychiatric Hospital (Maltese Nationals and daily heroin users registered with the above-mentioned agency E) Substance Abuse Therapeutic Unit (part of CCF prison)
Malta2010CROpioid1755164318916.15.76.528907095% CIPDU15 to 643Daily opioid users of Maltese nationalityGeneral log linear analysis (SPSS – 19.0) was used to perform a four-source capture-recapture method.
Netherlands1996MIOpioid27000 2.55 10585196n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 4Problematic opiate users.
Netherlands1996TMOverall 2514529104 2.387.7510585196n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 4
Netherlands1998PMOverall 2580034300 2.423.2210661543n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 1 Persons dependent on opiates and/or crack cocaine, in contact or potentially in contact with police or health care services for drug-related problems.
Netherlands1999MIOverall 2797029256 2.612.7310713380n.a.PDU15 to 641 ; 3 ; 99 Persons dependent on opiates and/or crack cocaine, in contact or potentially in contact with police or health care services for drug-related problems.
Netherlands1999TMOverall 2597030298 2.422.8310713380n.a.PDU15 to 641 ; 3 ; 99 Persons dependent on opiates and/or crack cocaine, in contact or potentially in contact with police or health care services for drug-related problems.
Netherlands2001CMOverall3349923773464663.12.24.310806000n.a.PDU15 to 6422 Problem users of heroin or methadone, who commonly also use crack cocaine as a secondary drug. The group of primary crack users is likely to be underrepresented (especially those who do not consume opiates).Treatment multiplier method, multivariate indicator method, multiple imputation. Local police data for local capture-recapture analysis in combination with local treatment data
Netherlands2001MIOverall 2938032989 2.723.0510806000n.a.PDU15 to 641 Persons dependent on opiates and/or crack cocaine, in contact or potentially in contact with police or health care services for drug-related problems.
Netherlands2001MIOverall3172021720418192.942.013.8710806000n.a.PDU15 to 6424 Problem opiate or cocaine users Although reference year is '2001', some local estimates (anchor points) in the model are based on older data. Thus the estimate does not 100% accurately refer to 2001.
Netherlands2001OTOverall3317424638416033.072.283.8510806000n.a.PDU15 to 6424 Problem opiate or cocaine usersAlthough reference year is '2001', some local estimates (anchor points) in the model are based on older data. Thus the estimate does not 100% accurately refer to 2001.
Netherlands2001TMOverall 2792432578 2.583.0110806000n.a.PDU15 to 641 Persons dependent on opiates and/or crack cocaine, in contact or potentially in contact with police or health care services for drug-related problems.
Netherlands2001TMOverall32418257183911832.383.6210806000n.a.PDU15 to 6424 Problem opiate or cocaine usersMethadone Treatment (LADIS)
Netherlands2008TMOpioid1770017300181001.601.561.641105484995% CIPDUall ages32Problem opiates users who are socially marginalized due to criminal activities, a psychiatric disorder, a lifestyle causing public nuisance or an instable housing situation.Treatment multiplier.The treatment multiplier has been applied to the National Alcohol and Drugs Information System (LADIS).Primary, secondary, or tertiary problem with opiates and socially marginalized.
Austria1995CROpioid1727615980186723.192.953.45541281995% CIPDU15 to 6412(poly-) drug use including opiates
Austria1999CROpioid1780116569190333.263.043.49545765295% CIPDU15 to 6412(poly-) drug use including opiatesCombined interval from multiple capture-recapture and truncated Poisson estimates.
Austria2000CROpioid2014418661216283.673.43.94548344095% CIPDU15 to 6412(poly-) drug use including opiatesTwo-sample capture-recapture between police and substitution treatment sample, potential interactions cannot be accounted for. Possibly an overestimation due to systematic bias in the registries.policesubstitution treatment
Austria2001CROpioid1775016620188803.263.063.47543776595% CIPDU15 to 6412(poly-) drug use including opiatesSubstitution treatment clientsopiate related police charges.The CRC estimates for the years 2001 to 2004 were carried out in the framework of the "Monitoring Project". Also 3 sample CRC using drug related death were calculated but lead to unstable result (due to the low number of DRD). So it was decided to only use 2 sample CRC. With this method possible interactions between the two sources used cannot be controlled. The results have to be interpreted very cautious. The substitution treatment database is based on the notification of the begin and the end of treatments. If the notification of the end is missing the client stays as "ghost case" in the database which would cause a cumulative error in the estimations (overestimation) over the years. Since there was no information about the proportion of this error there was no possibility to correct it in earlier estimations transmitted to the EMCDDA. In the new estimations for the years 2002 to 2004 delivered this year the bias was statistically corrected by wei
Austria2002CROpioid21875204362331342.544.27546473795% CIPDU15 to 6412(poly-) drug use including opiatesSubstitution treatment clientsopiate related police charges.The CRC estimates for the years 2001 to 2004 were carried out in the framework of the "Monitoring Project". Also 3 sample CRC using drug related death were calculated but lead to unstable result (due to the low number of DRD). So it was decided to only use 2 sample CRC. With this method possible interactions between the two sources used cannot be controlled. The results have to be interpreted very cautious. The substitution treatment database is based on the notification of the begin and the end of treatments. If the notification of the end is missing the client stays as "ghost case" in the database which would cause a cumulative error in the estimations (overestimation) over the years. Since there was no information about the proportion of this error there was no possibility to correct it in earlier estimations transmitted to the EMCDDA. In the new estimations for the years 2002 to 2004 delivered this year the bias was statistically corrected by wei
Austria2003CROpioid27447256692922654.675.32549384695% CIPDU15 to 6412(poly-) drug use including opiatesSubstitution treatment clientsopiate related police charges.The CRC estimates for the years 2001 to 2004 were carried out in the framework of the "Monitoring Project". Also 3 sample CRC using drug related death were calculated but lead to unstable result (due to the low number of DRD). So it was decided to only use 2 sample CRC. With this method possible interactions between the two sources used cannot be controlled. The results have to be interpreted very cautious. The substitution treatment database is based on the notification of the begin and the end of treatments. If the notification of the end is missing the client stays as "ghost case" in the database which would cause a cumulative error in the estimations (overestimation) over the years. Since there was no information about the proportion of this error there was no possibility to correct it in earlier estimations transmitted to the EMCDDA. In the new estimations for the years 2002 to 2004 delivered this year the bias was statistically corrected by wei
Austria2004CROpioid2959727763314315.385.045.71550558995% CIPDU15 to 6412(poly-) drug use including opiatesSubstitution treatment clientsopiate related police charges.The CRC estimates for the years 2001 to 2004 were carried out in the framework of the "Monitoring Project". Also 3 sample CRC using drug related death were calculated but lead to unstable result (due to the low number of DRD). So it was decided to only use 2 sample CRC. With this method possible interactions between the two sources used cannot be controlled. The results have to be interpreted very cautious. The substitution treatment database is based on the notification of the begin and the end of treatments. If the notification of the end is missing the client stays as "ghost case" in the database which would cause a cumulative error in the estimations (overestimation) over the years. Since there was no information about the proportion of this error there was no possibility to correct it in earlier estimations transmitted to the EMCDDA. In the new estimations for the years 2002 to 2004 delivered this year the bias was statistically corrected by wei
Austria2005CROpioid3025428491320185.435.115.74557721295% CIPDU15 to 6412(poly-) drug use including opiatesThe CRC estimates for the years 2005 to 2007 were carried out in the framework of the "Monitoring Project". Also 3 sample CRC using drug related death were calculated but lead to unstable result (due to the low number of DRD). So it was decided to only use 2 sample CRC. With this method possible interactions between the two sources used cannot be controlled. The results have to be interpreted very cautious. The substitution treatment database is based on the notification of the begin and the end of treatments. If the notification of the end is missing the client stays as "ghost case" in the database which would cause a cumulative error in the estimations (overestimation) over the years. The bias was statistically corrected by weighting the substitution cases by their probability of beeing a ghost case based on the respective substitution length. The weight used was gained by a special project in 2004 (investigation of 600 randomly selected clients concerning their treatment status). In 2007 some corrections c
Austria2006CROpioid2519423908264814.54.274.73559575295% CIPDU15 to 6412(poly-) drug use including opiatesThe CRC estimates for the years 2005 to 2007 were carried out in the framework of the "Monitoring Project". Also 3 sample CRC using drug related death were calculated but lead to unstable result (due to the low number of DRD). So it was decided to only use 2 sample CRC. With this method possible interactions between the two sources used cannot be controlled. The results have to be interpreted very cautious. The substitution treatment database is based on the notification of the begin and the end of treatments. If the notification of the end is missing the client stays as "ghost case" in the database which would cause a cumulative error in the estimations (overestimation) over the years. The bias was statistically corrected by weighting the substitution cases by their probability of beeing a ghost case based on the respective substitution length. The weight used was gained by a special project in 2004 (investigation of 600 randomly selected clients concerning their treatment status). In 2007 some corrections c
Austria2007CROpioid2317822198241574.143.974.32559575295% CIPDU15 to 6412(poly-) drug use including opiatesThe CRC estimates for the years 2005 to 2007 were carried out in the framework of the "Monitoring Project". Also 3 sample CRC using drug related death were calculated but lead to unstable result (due to the low number of DRD). So it was decided to only use 2 sample CRC. With this method possible interactions between the two sources used cannot be controlled. The results have to be interpreted very cautious. The substitution treatment database is based on the notification of the begin and the end of treatments. If the notification of the end is missing the client stays as "ghost case" in the database which would cause a cumulative error in the estimations (overestimation) over the years. The bias was statistically corrected by weighting the substitution cases by their probability of beeing a ghost case based on the respective substitution length. The weight used was gained by a special project in 2004 (investigation of 600 randomly selected clients concerning their treatment status). In 2007 some corrections c
Austria2008CROpioid2472123514259294.384.164.59564643295% CIPDU15 to 641Polydrug use including opioids - According to other sources of data this is by far the main group of problem drug users in Austria.Substitution registernotified as in substitution treatment in 2008.The main problem with this source of data is that when the end of a treatment is not reported the person stays as "ghost case" in the register. In 2004 a correction factor was calculated based on a validation study. This factor is used below.drug related police notifications.The main problem with this source of data is that the proportion of persons notified who just deal and do not consume opiates is not known.persons with opiate related police notifications
Austria2009CROpioid2577724867266874.574.404.73564643295% CIPDU15 to 641Polydrug use including opioids - According to other sources of data this is by far the main group of problem drug users in Austria.Substitution registernotified as in substitution treatment in 2008.The main problem with this source of data is that when the end of a treatment is not reported the person stays as "ghost case" in the register. In 2004 a correction factor was calculated based on a validation study. This factor is used below.drug related police notifications.The main problem with this source of data is that the proportion of persons notified who just deal and do not consume opiates is not known.persons with opiate related police notifications
Poland2002OTOverall5200033000710001.941.232.6526781037n.a.PDUall ages99 ; 1 The central estimate is a simple mean from Low and High prevalence estimates
Poland2005OTOverall1125001000001250004.23.734.6726778325n.a.PDUall ages9The definition is in line with the ICD-10 medical definition and includes all drugs. The codes: F11-F16, F18 and F19 are included.Benchmark method with use of nominations from general population survey and treatment data. Respondents were ask about known to them drug addicts, that means regular drug users experiencing serious drug related problems. Each nominees was reported individually (gender, age group, opiate use, injection use, residential treatment and out-patient treatment utilization). Based on proportion of treated among nominees with known treatment status the multiplier was calculated. It was done twice for residential treatment and out-patient treatment separately. Two estimation achieved this way were used to create range. Residential treatment statistics, Person treated in residential treatment facility due to drug problem (ICD-10, codes F11-F16, F18, F19). Inclusion criterion was at least one day stay during 2005. Double counting controlled on the national level. out-patients treatment statistics. Person treated in out-patients treatment facility due to drug problem (ICD-10, codes F11-F16, F18, F19). Inclusion criterion
Poland2005OTOpioid2700025000290001.010.931.0826778325n.a.PDUall ages9The definition is in line with the ICD-10 medical definition and it includes opioids (F11 and part of F19).Benchmark method with use of nominations from general population survey and treatment data. Respondents were ask about known to them drug addicts, that means regular drug users experiencing serious drug related problems. Each nominees was reported individually (gender, age group, opiate use, injection use, residential treatment and out-patient treatment utilization). Based on proportion of treated opioid users among nominees opioid users with known treatment status the multiplier was calculated. It was done twice for residential treatment and out-patient treatment separately. Because of the limitation of the Polish statistical treatment system (based on ICD-10, so over 60% of all treatment cases fells into category F19 �mixed and others�, many opioid cases), the amount of problematic opioid users in treatment was extrapolated from the results of various studies. The studies showed that there is around 60% of opioid PDU in residential treatment, and around 50% in out-patient treatment. Two estimation achieved
Poland2009OTOverall79500560001030002.932.063.7927160149n.a.PDU15 to 699The definition is in line with the ICD-10 medical definition and includes all drugs. The codes: F11-F16, F18 and F19 are included. Benchmark method with use of nominations from general population survey and treatment data. Respondents were ask about known to them drug addicts, that means regular drug users experiencing serious drug related problems. Each nominees was reported individually (gender, age group, opiate use, injection use, residential treatment and out-patient treatment utilization). Based on proportion of treated among nominees with known treatment status the multiplier was calculated. It was done twice for residential treatment and out-patient treatment separately. Two estimation achieved this way were used to create range.
Portugal1999PMOverall 4992056150 7.368.286778900n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 2
Portugal2000PMOverall 4718458980 6.828.526920368n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 1 IDUs or regular / long time users of opiates, cocaine and / or amphetamines. Criminal Police (Ministry of Justice)
Portugal2005TMOverall44653532406.27.47115262n.a.PDU15 to 645User of opiates, cocaine and/or amphetaminesTreatment data (clients in Specialised Treatment Centres - CAT in 2005)
Portugal2005OTOverall30833355764.357115262n.a.PDU15 to 645Long term users/regular use of opiates, cocaine, and/or amphetaminesOutreach Work Teams Multiplier. Harm reduction data
Slovenia2000CROverall7535 5.44 1384546n.a.PDU15 to 641 Two-sample capture-recapture police arrests drug treatment data.These are preliminary results that need further checking of validity and reliability
Slovenia2001CROverall7399 5.3 1397039n.a.PDU15 to 641 Two-sample capture-recapture police arrestsd rug treatment data.These are preliminary results that need further checking of validity and reliability
Slovenia2004CROpioid & Stimulant106549078125937.786.639.2136948995% CIPDU15 to 6412-sample capture-recapture Drug Users Treatment Register (data from Centres for Prevention and Treatment of Illicit Drug Addiction) (Injecting drug users or users of heroin, methadone, other opiates, cocaine, crack (0 cases) or amphetamines (not ecstasy) as primary, secondary or tertiary drug.) Police database: suspects of drug-related crime (use, possession, dealing, trafficking or production) (Types of illicit drugs: heroin, methadone, other opiates (e.g. morphine), cocaine, crack (0 cases) or amphetamines (not ecstasy))
Slovakia2002MIOverall20437 6.1 3349231n.a.PDU15 to 641 Clients of drug treatment in the health sectorclients in treatment in the justice sector.Number of offenders of drug-related offences. Number of patients in treatment in the health sector. Number of clients in prisons who required treatment for substance use problems (after an assessment of the prison doctor were assigned to drug treatment). Number of persons per 100 000 inhabitants of each region, who addmitted the use of heroin, amphetamines or cocaine in the last year (general population survey). Anchor points were used from a two-source capture-recapture estimate computed in two regions. Remark 1: used data from the 2001 population census, used definition is: females 15-54 and males 15-59, which is based on the 2001 Slovak definition of productive age. Remark 2: Possible biases: all drugs were pooled in one estimate, there were only 2 anchor points and they were based on only two-source capture-recapture, moreover the overlap was sought between health-care sector based drug treatment and drug treatment in
Slovakia2005OTOverall1839313565321824.83.58.3386223495% CIPDU15 to 643 ; 4 Injecting drug users and/or drug users of heroin and/or amphetamine.Proportion of drug users in contact with low threshold agencies (ITR).Questionnaire survey (nomination technique) among 223 respondents - clients of low threshold services.Survey was carried out in Bratislava (88 respondents), Nitra, SereÄ�, Trnava (altogether 37 respondents), Banská Bystrica (11 respondents), Å�iar nad Hronom (14 respondents), PreÅ�ov (56 respondents) and KoÅ�ice (17 respondents).Number of clients in contact with low threshold agencies (benchmark) Bratislava - capital city and the rest of Slovakia The national estimate has been calculated as follows: local estimates for Bratislava + estimates for the rest of Slovak Republic. The estimate for Bratislava has been obtained directly from multiplier method with data for Bratislava. For the calculation of PDU for the rest of Slovakia, the average rate per 1000 inhabitants from multiplier method studies in remaining 7 cities has been used.
Slovakia2005OTOpioid104007500180002.71.94.6386223495% CIPDU15 to 643 ; 4 problem opiate useMultiplier method - TMreports from low-threshold facilities - number and proportion of opiate users in contact with these facilities in Slovakia in 2005
Slovakia2005OTStimulant81006000142002.11.53.7386223495% CIPDU15 to 643 ; 4 problem metamphetamine useMultiplier method - TMreports from low-threshold facilities - number and proportion of pervitin users in contact with these facilities in Slovakia in 2005
Slovakia2006OTOpioid & Stimulant1891713787344814.93.68.9387079695% CIPDU15 to 645Injecting drug users and/or drug users of heroin and/or amphetamine.Multiplier method - using data of low treshold agenciesNumber of clients in contact with low treshold agencies (benchmark)Proportion of drug users in contact with low threshold agencies (ITR). Questionnaire survey in 2005 (nomination technique) among 223 respondents - clients of low threshold services was carried out. (see more in ST 07 (2006) or National Report 2006 (2005 data) Chapter 4 - Problem drug usenonenonenoneBratislava - captial city and the rest of SlovakiaThe national estimate has been calculated as follows: local estimates for Bratislava + estimates for the rest of Slovak Republic. The estimate for Bratislava has been obtained directly from multiplier method with data for Bratislava. For the calculation of PDU for the rest of Slovakia, the average rate per 1000 inhabitants from multiplier method studies in remaining 7 cities has been used
Slovakia2006OTOpioid104237597189992.71.964.9387079695% CIPDU15 to 645 Multiplier method - using data of low treshold agenciesreports from low-threshold facilities - number and proportion of opiate users in contact with these facilities in Slovakia in 2006 nonenonenone
Slovakia2006OTStimulant84946190154822.21.64387079695% CIPDU15 to 645metamphetamine (pervitin) usersMultiplier method - using data of low treshold agenciesreports from low-threshold facilities - number and proportion of opiate users in contact with these facilities in Slovakia in 2006 nonenonenone
Slovakia2007OTOpioid & Stimulant1788412794348284.7083.369.195389178395% CIPDU15 to 646Multiplier method based on data from harm-reduction organizations (law-threshold agencies). Number of clients in contact with low threshold agencies (benchmark). Client - a problem drug user haveing used at least once services of harm-reducion organization. Proportion of drug users in contact with low threshold agencies (ITR). Questionnaire survey in 2005 (nomination technique) among 223 respondents - clients of low threshold services was carried out. (see more in ST 07 (2006) or National Report 2006 (2005 data) Chapter 4 - Problem drug use
Slovakia2007OTOpioid98007011190852.51.84.9389178395% CIPDU15 to 646Multiplier method based on data from harm-reduction organizations (law-threshold agencies). Number of clients in contact with low threshold agencies (benchmark). number and proportion of opiate users in contact with these facilities in Slovakia in 2007 (reports from low-threshold facilities)
Slovakia2007OTStimulant80835783157422.0761.4854.04389178395% CIPDU15 to 646metamphetamine (pervitin) usersMultiplier method based on data from harm-reduction organizations (law-threshold agencies). Number of clients in contact with low threshold agencies (benchmark). number and proportion of opiate users in contact with these facilities in Slovakia in 2007 (reports from low-threshold facilities)
Slovakia2008OTOpioid & Stimulant105198182334892.682.098.54392188095% CIPDU15 to 647Multiplier method based on data from harm-reduction organisations (low-threshold agencies). Number of clients in contact with low-threshold agencies (benchmark). Client - a problem drug (opioid, ATS) users having used services of harm-reduction organisation at least once
Slovakia2008OTStimulant3263252398540.830.642.51392188095% CIPDU15 to 647Multiplier method based on data from harm-reduction organisations (low-threshold agencies). Number of clients in contact with low-threshold agencies (benchmark). Client - a problem drug (opioid, ATS) users having used services of harm-reduction organisation at least once
Slovakia2008OTOpioid4888396697821.251.012.49392188095% CIPDU15 to 647Multiplier method based on data from harm-reduction organisations (low-threshold agencies). Number of clients in contact with low-threshold agencies (benchmark). Client - a problem drug (opioid, ATS) users having used services of harm-reduction organisation at least once
Finland1997CROverall116409400147003.382.734.283420598n.a.PDU15 to 642 Problem opiate and amphetamine users.
Finland1997CROpioid 15003300 342059895% CIPDU15 to 542 Problem opiate usersBased on the statistical capture-recapture method.Hospitals penal action for drug offences involving the use or possession of amphetamines or opiates,arrest for driving under the influence of amphetamines or opiates.Hepatitis C cases recorded in the infectious disease register due to intravenous drug use.
Finland1997CRStimulant 680011600 342059895% CIPDU15 to 542 Problem amphetamine usersBased on the statistical capture-recapture method.Hospitals penal action for drug offences involving the use or possession of amphetamines or opiates,arrest for driving under the influence of amphetamines or opiates.Hepatitis C cases recorded in the infectious disease register due to intravenous drug use.
Finland1998CROverall1360011500164003.963.354.783433511n.a.PDU15 to 542 Problem opiate and amphetamine users.Estimates based on 3 and 4 registers.
Finland1998CROpioid 180027000.70.50.8343351195% CIPDU15 to 542 Problem opiate usersBased on the statistical capture-recapture method.Hospitals penal action for drug offences involving the use or possession of amphetamines or opiates,arrest for driving under the influence of amphetamines or opiates.Hepatitis C cases recorded in the infectious disease register due to intravenous drug use.
Finland1998CRStimulant 7600130003.12.23.8343351195% CIPDU15 to 542 Problem amphetamine usersBased on the statistical capture-recapture method.Hospitals penal action for drug offences involving the use or possession of amphetamines or opiates,arrest for driving under the influence of amphetamines or opiates.Hepatitis C cases recorded in the infectious disease register due to intravenous drug use.
Finland1999CROverall1240011100140003.63.224.063444400n.a.PDU15 to 543 ; 99 Problem opiate and amphetamine users.Estimates based on 3 and 4 registers.
Finland1999CROpioid 250033000.510.080.93344440095% CIPDU15 to 542 Problem opiate usersBased on the statistical capture-recapture method.Hospitals penal action for drug offences involving the use or possession of amphetamines or opiates,arrest for driving under the influence of amphetamines or opiates.Hepatitis C cases recorded in the infectious disease register due to intravenous drug use.
Finland1999CRStimulant 83001240032.43.6344440095% CIPDU15 to 542 Problem amphetamine usersBased on the statistical capture-recapture method.Hospitals penal action for drug offences involving the use or possession of amphetamines or opiates,arrest for driving under the influence of amphetamines or opiates.Hepatitis C cases recorded in the infectious disease register due to intravenous drug use.
Finland2001CROverall 11100140004.64.25346758495% CIPDU15 to 542 Problem opiate and amphetamine users.Based on the statistical capture-recapture method.Hospitals penal action for drug offences involving the use or possession of amphetamines or opiates,arrest for driving under the influence of amphetamines or opiates.Hepatitis C cases recorded in the infectious disease register due to intravenous drug use.
Finland2001CROpioid 390049001.30.61.4346758495% CIPDU15 to 54 Problem opiate usersBased on the statistical capture-recapture method.Hospitals penal action for drug offences involving the use or possession of amphetamines or opiates,arrest for driving under the influence of amphetamines or opiates.Hepatitis C cases recorded in the infectious disease register due to intravenous drug use.
Finland2001CRStimulant 10100154003.82.94.5346758495% CIPDU15 to 54 Problem amphetamine usersBased on the statistical capture-recapture method.Hospitals penal action for drug offences involving the use or possession of amphetamines or opiates,arrest for driving under the influence of amphetamines or opiates.Hepatitis C cases recorded in the infectious disease register due to intravenous drug use.
Finland2002CROverall1840016100211005.34.66.1348072295% CIPDU15 to 541 Problem opiate and amphetamine users.Three and four sample capture-recapture methodHospital Patient Discharge Register (STAKES): opiate (F11, T36, T40.0-T40.4, T40.6 (N01AH or N02A)) and amphetamine (F15, T36, T43.6, A08) related diagnoses as a primary or secondary diagnoses.Driving under the influence of drugs -register (National Public Health Institute and Ministry of Interior); amphetamine and opiate findings from blood.Criminal Report File (Ministry of Interior and National Bureau of Investigation): persons suspected of narcotics offences, specified as drug use or possession of drugs and limited to amphetamines, amphetamine types of stimulants and opiates.Register of infectious diseases (National Public Health Institute); cases of diagnosed hepatitis C-infections. Separate estimates for amphetamine and opiate users are based on three sources (a - c). Problem hard drug users: Persons that have been coucht to hospital, drunken driving or police register propably because of using opiates or amphetamines
Finland2002CROpioid 420059001.51.21.7348072295% CIPDU15 to 54 Problem opiate usersBased on the statistical capture-recapture method.Hospitalspenal action for drug offences involving the use or possession of amphetamines or opiates,arrest for driving under the influence of amphetamines or opiates.Hepatitis C cases recorded in the infectious disease register due to intravenous drug use.
Finland2002CRStimulant 10900185004.23.15.3348072295% CIPDU15 to 54 Problem amphetamine usersBased on the statistical capture-recapture method.Hospitals penal action for drug offences involving the use or possession of amphetamines or opiates,arrest for driving under the influence of amphetamines or opiates.Hepatitis C cases recorded in the infectious disease register due to intravenous drug use.
Finland2005CROpioid & Stimulant1660014500191004.84.25.5349111195% CIPDU15 to 547The estimate includes also use of ecstasy.Hospital Patient Discharge Register (STAKES).Register of Driving under the Influence of Drugs (National Public Health Institute and Ministry of Interior).Criminal Report File, Information System of Police Affairs (Ministry of Interior and National Bureau of Investigation). Register of infectious diseases (National Public Health Institute). National estimate doesn't cover the self-governing region of the Aland Islands (the province of Aland).
Finland2005CRStimulant1629612000220004.73.46.3349111195% CIPDU15 to 547The estimate includes also use of ecstasy.Hospital Patient Discharge Register (STAKES).Register of Driving under the Influence of Drugs (National Public Health Institute and Ministry of Interior).Criminal Report File, Information System of Police Affairs (Ministry of Interior and National Bureau of Investigation).National estimate doesn't cover the self-governing region of the Aland Islands (the province of Aland).
Finland2005CROpioid4204370049001.21.11.4349111195% CIPDU15 to 547 Hospital Patient Discharge Register (STAKES).Register of Driving under the Influence of Drugs (National Public Health Institute and Ministry of Interior).Criminal Report File, Information System of Police Affairs (Ministry of Interior and National Bureau of Investigation).National estimate doesn't cover the self-governing region of the Aland Islands (the province of Aland).
Sweden1992CROverall1850016600200003.3433.615535247n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 1 Mostly amphetamine usersEstimates according to EMCDDA definition of problem drug use. 1992: figures include an estimated 5800-6950 (point estimate 6450) opiate users (opiates as primary or secondary drug). 1998: country report not available, figures include an estimated 11500-13400 (12200) opiate users.
Sweden1998TPStimulant2540023500273004.494.164.835650799n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 1 Mostly amphetamine usersEstimates according to EMCDDA definition of problem drug use. 1992: figures include an estimated 5800-6950 (point estimate 6450) opiate users (opiates as primary or secondary drug). 1998: country report not available, figures include an estimated 11500-13400 (12200) opiate users.
Sweden2001OTOverall27640 4.8 5756789n.a.PDU15 to 642 Case definition: main or secondary diagnoses drug-related.The Hospital Discharge Register
Sweden2002OTOverall27296 4.7 5795068n.a.PDU15 to 6410 Case definition: main or secondary diagnoses drug-related.The Hospital Discharge Register
Sweden2003OTOverall25745 4.5 5756789n.a.PDU15 to 6410 Case definition: main or secondary diagnoses drug-related.The Hospital Discharge Register
Sweden2007TPOther295134.96032781n.a.PDU15 to 642All individuals treated as inpatients during 2007 with the following ICD-10 diganoses: F11–F16, F18, F19, O35.5, T40, T43.6, Z50.3, Z71.5. AND all individuals "released" from the Swedish Prison and Probation Service that had injected drugs in the last 12 months or had a daily or almost daily use of any illicit drug in the last 12 months. Truncated Poisson with Chao's estimator. First estimation of regional numbers and then added together to a national number, this to make the estimation more correct. Includes hidden population estimation. All individuals "released" from the Swedish Prison and Probation Service that had injected drugs in the last 12 months or had a daily or almost daily use of any illicit drug in the last 12 months. All of the above that had injected drugs in the last 12 months or had a daily or almost daily use of any illicit drug in the last 12 months. All in-patient treatment centres (hospitals, emergency services etc). All individuals treated as inpatients during 2007 with the following ICD-10 diganoses: F11–F16, F18, F19, O35.5, T40, T43.6, Z50.3, Z71.5. To cover a larger population the two samples were combined into one. The overlap was very small, only 494 individuals where in both registries. A total of 12158 individuals were included in the combined sample.
Sweden2007TPOther295134.96032781n.a.PDUall ages16 ;17All individuals (aged 15 or above) treated as inpatients during 2007 with the following ICD10 diganoses: F11–F16, F18, F19, O35.5, T40, T43.6, Z50.3, Z71.5. AND all individuals "released" from the Swedish Prison and Probation Service that had injected drugs in the last 12 months or had a daily or almost daily use of any illicit drug in the last 12 months. To increase coverage data from two different sources were combined. The overlap was small however, only 494 individuals where found in both registries. A total of 12158 individuals were included in the combined sample.Truncated Poisson model. Data stratified regionally and summed to a national estimate.Swedish prison and probation service registration of clients in prison, in probation or with electronic surveilance.All individuals "released" from the Swedish Prison and Probation Service that had injected drugs in the last 12 months or had a daily or almost daily use of any illicit drug in the last 12 months.National inpatient registry at National Board of Health and Welfare.Discharge during 2007 and diagnosed with: F11–F16, F18, F19, O35.5, T40, T43.6, Z50.3, Z71.5 (ICD10).
United Kingdom1996MIOverall268253 7.25 37007584n.a.PDU15 to 641Northern Ireland not included (underestimate of about 3%)
United Kingdom1996OTOverall 162544251000 4.396.7837007584n.a.PDU15 to 641Northern Ireland not included (underestimate of about 3%)
United Kingdom1996TMOverall243820 6.59 37007584n.a.PDU15 to 641Northern Ireland not included (underestimate of about 3%)
United Kingdom2001OTOverall360811 9.358.999.7938593141n.a.PDU15 to 645
United Kingdom2003OTOverall 9.26 n.a.PDU15 to 645
United Kingdom2004OTOverall39884539703342101210.1510.1110.723928306695% CIPDU15 to 64problem drug use (opiate and / or crack cocaine users)The UK estimate is the England estimate for 2004/05, the Northern Ireland estimate for 2004, the Scotland estimate for 2003 and an estimate for Wales that assumes the same prevalence for England
United Kingdom2005OTOverall40354739537842390710.199.9810.73960806695% CIPDU15 to 64problem drug use (opiate and / or crack cocaine users)MI+CR CR - structured treatment CR - probation CR - prison CR - police MIM sources - treatment, population density, prison, drug-related deaths, drug offences Drug Action Team area (county, 149 in England) http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/rdsolr2107.pdf
United Kingdom2003-07CMOverall4004693932474178619.979.7910.44016190095% CIPDU15 to 6421 ; 22 ; 23Based on estimates of problem drug use in England for 2006/07 opiate and/or problem cocaine use in Northern Ireland for 2004 , and problem drug use in Scotland, 2003. Estimates for Wales are extrapolated from England estimates. Estimates of problem drug use in the United Kingdom are derived using two indirect measurement techniques: the capture-recapture (CRC) method; and the multiple indicator (MIM) method. CR - structured treatment. CR - probation. CR - prison. CR - police. MIM sources - treatment, population density, prison, drug-related deaths, drug offences. Drug Action Team area (county, 149 in England)
United Kingdom2004-07CMOpioid & Stimulant/Other40488439626743112010.19.8810.754010469095% CIPDU15 to 6417 ; 19 ; 21 ; 23Includes benzodiazepine use in ScotlandEstimates of problem drug use in the United Kingdom are derived using two indirect measurement techniques: the capture-recapture (CRC) method; and the multiple indicator (MIM) method. CR - structured treatment. CR - probation. CR - prison. CR - police. MIM sources - population density, prison, drug offences.
United Kingdom2004-09CMOverall3973463875364199499.799.5510.354058019095% CIPDU16 to 6424; 26; 28; 29Based on estimates of opiates and/or crack cocaine use in England for 2008/09; opiate use in Northern Ireland for 2004; opiates and benzodiazepine use in Scotland for 2006; and for long duration or regular use of opiates and/or cocaine (crack cocaine and/or cocaine powder) in Wales in 2006/07.Estimates of problem drug use in the UK are derived using 2 indirect measurement techniques: The capture-recapture (CRC) method and the multiple indicator (MIM) method.
United Kingdom2004-10CMOther3792623687114026409.319.059.884089065595% CIPDU17 to 6424; 26; 28; 29Based on estimates of opiate use in Northern Irealnd for 2004; opiates and/or benzodiazepines use in Scotland for 2006; opiate and/or crack cocaine use in England for 2009/10 and for long duration or regular use of opiates and/or cocaine in Wales for 2009/10Estimates of PDU in the UK are derived using two indirect measurement techniques: the capture-recapture method (CRC); and the multiple indicator (MIM) method.
Croatia2010CROpioid107269598118533.613.233.99296998195% CIPDU14 to 642People treated in the health sector for their opiate addiction in the year 2010Drug treatment, Criminal justice system
Turkey2008MMOpioid2585321573514560.50.451.084783508795% CIPDU15 to 641 ; 2Drug related deaths which are registered by the Institute for Forencis Medicine for the national level including all provinces in Turkey.
Turkey2010MMOpioid1739215197362460.40.310.7548618564otherPDU15 to 69
Norway1997OTOverall12000 4.23 2835512n.a.PDU15 to 6499 ; 2 Method based on survey within police and public health services.
Norway2000CMOther136509550177504.73.36.12900748SIPDU15 to 645Problematic heroin use1) Mortality multiplier for persons injecting heroin and 2) estimates of heroin smoking among heavy drug users not injecting heroin. Death register in Statistics Norway. Estimated proportion of overdose deaths where heroin was proved. Register for persons using housing services and survey among persons picking up needles and syringes from an outlet. Heavy drug users smoking heroin, not injecting it.
Norway2008CMOther945066001230032.13.93136486SIPDU15 to 645Problematic heroin use1) Mortality multiplier for persons injecting heroin and 2) estimates of heroin smoking among heavy drug users not injecting heroin. Death register in Statistics Norway. Estimated proportion of overdose deaths where heroin was proved. Register for persons using housing services and survey among persons picking up needles and syringes from an outlet. Heavy drug users smoking heroin, not injecting it.
 

Notes:

n.a.= not available

CR = Capture Recapture

CM = Combined method

TM = Treatment Multiplier

TP = Truncated Poisson

OT = Other

HM = HIV Multiplier

MM = Mortality Multiplier

MI = Multivariate Indicator Method

SA = Sensitivity analysis

(1) PDU = Problem Drug Use; POU = Problem Opioid Use; PSU = Problem Stimulant Use

(2) See Table PDU-00 for details on Bibliographic references

(3) In case the only age range in study was not 15-64, the rates have been recalculated to 15-64.

Sources:

See Table PDU-00 for details on Bibliographic references

2011 REITOX National Reports - Fonte PDU template

Page last updated: Monday, 12 November 2012