Table INF-3. Prevalence of markers for HBV infection among injecting drug users in the EU countries, Croatia, Turkey and Norway, 2009 or most recent year available — Summary table by country

Country or region			% positive aHBc(1)					% positive aHBs(1)					% positive HBsAg(1)
	Year	Number tested	Year	Number tested	National samples	Sub-National samples		Year	Number tested	National samples	Sub-National samples		Year	Number tested	National samples	Sub-National samples	Setting/comments (2) (3) (4) (5)	References
Belgium			2009	358	:	7.1 - 56.1		2009	374	:	25.0 - 51.8		2009	380	:	0.0 - 4.2	LTS, DTC; serum	22 ; 25 ; 99
Bulgaria			:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:		2009	941	:	5.8	DTC, NSP, LTS, HTC; serum	6 ; 7a ; 7b
Czech Republic	:	:	:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:	:	:
Denmark			2006	186	37.1	:		2004	101	37.0	:		:	:	:	:	ODD, 5 sites; post mortem blood. IDUnk	7
Germany			2004	801	:	53.0		:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:	DTC, Vacination study; serum; IDUnk	24
Estonia	:	:	:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:	:	:
Ireland			:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:		:	:	:	0.0	DTC, 1 site; serum	14
Greece			2009	1239	15.4 -32.7	5.3 - 40.7		2009	1275	31.0 -45.1	20.0- 57.9		2009	1967	2.3 - 3.0	0.0 - 16.2	DTC, LTS, OHC, PHL, PRI, OTH serum	1 ; 2 ; 9 ; 18
Spain			:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:
France	:	:	:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:	:	:
Italy			2009	54991	36.2	8.0-75.1		:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:	DTC, 533 sites; serum; IDUnk. All markers.	48a ; 48b
Cyprus			:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:		2009	115	0.9	:	DTC, PRI, serum	10
Latvia	:	:	2007	406	:	55.9		:	:	:	:		2007	406	:	3.4	NSP;serum	12
Lithuania			2006	526	:	63.9		2006	324	:	54.9		2006	668	:	3.3–8.9	HTC, LTS, 16 sites ; serum, dried blood spots	5
Luxembourg			2005	493	18.4 - 35.9	:		2005	502	54.9 - 75.3	:		2005	255	3.9	:	DTC, NSP, LTS, STI, ANT, OHC, PRI; serum	6
Hungary			:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:		2009	911	0.7	0.0 - 0.7	DTC, NSP, PRI, 23 sites; dried blodd spots, serum	19 ; 20a ; 20b
Malta			2009	93	0.0	:		:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:	DTC; STI, HTC,2 site, serum	7
Netherlands			2009	16	:	31.3		2009	14	:	57.1		2009	22	:	0.0	DTC, LTS, 4 sites; serum	34
Austria			2009	652	13.6	9.1 - 23.3		:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:	LTS, DTC, NSP, 45 sites; serum. All markers.	2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 12
Poland	2004–05		2009	184	:	26.3 - 56.7		2004	382	:	31.5 - 34.5		2009	186	:	2.5 - 3.8	DTC, LTS, PRI, STR; serum	6 ; 12
Portugal	2003-07		:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:		2009	6100	2.0 - 3.4	:	DTC; serum, dried blood spots; IDUnk §	29 ; 30
Slovenia			2009	355	5.4	:		:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:	DTC, 18 sites; serum	5
Slovakia			2009	97	:	21.6		:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:	DTC, 1 site; serum	12
Finland	:	:	:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:	:	:
Sweden	:	:	2009	187	:	38.5		:	:	:	:						PRI, serum ; all markers	13
United Kingdom			2009	3289	:	6.5 - 23.7		:	:	:	:		:	:	:	:	DTC, NSP, LTS, primary care;dried blood spots, saliva	48 ; 51 ; 52 ; 53 ; 55
Croatia			2007/08	705	24.0	7.5 - 13.3		2008	706	15.0	4.7 - 13.2		2007/08	791	0.5	0.0	PRI, DTC, NSP, LTS, PHL, HTC; serum	1
Turkey	:	:	:	:	:	:		2008	168	:	42.9		:	:	:	:	:	:
Norway			2009	179	:	36.9		2009	179	:	35.2		2009	179	:	0.0	NSP, LTS, 10 sites; serum.	16

Notes:

 This summary table gives a global overview of prevalence of HBV markers in IDUs in the EU, 2009 or most recent year available. Data for more than one year are combined if they clearly improve generalisability (e.g. national data, out-of-treatment data). Prevalence in this table should not be compared with previous versions to follow changes over time, as inclusion of sources may vary according to data availability. For time trends see Tables INF-114 and INF-115 . 

 Sample size is mostly equal for the different HBV markers, where this is not the case the smallest sample size is shown.  

 (1) The figures show estimates (or range of estimates) from national and/or sub-national level samples. 

 (2) Saliva tests for hepatitis B antibodies underestimate prevalence. If test sensitivity is known then figures can be adjusted upwards by dividing prevalence by test sensitivity. Figures have not been adjusted. 

 (3) Having health problems is one selection criterion for admission to drug treatment in some countries or cities (Greece, Portugal, Rome), due to long waiting lists or special programmes for infected IDUs, and this may result in upward bias of prevalence. Prevalence from treatment data should therefore be interpreted in combination with non-treatment data. On the other hand, data from Italy and Portugal include non-IDUs and may thus underestimate prevalence in IDUs. Data for Italy and Austria are not prevalence of aHBc but prevalence of 'all HBV markers' as a proxy of aHBc prevalence. 

 (4) § IDUnk = IDU status not known, prevalence in IDUs is likely to be underestimated. 

 (5) ODD = Overdose Deaths; DEM = Drug Emergencies; DTC = Drug Treatment Centres; NSP = Needle Exchanges; LTS = Low-Threshold Services; PHL = Public Health Laboratories; STI = STI Clinics; ANT = Antenatal Clinics; OHC = Other Hospital or Clinics; PRI = Prisons; ARR = Arrests; GPS = General Practitioners; HTC = HIV Testing Centres; STR = Street; OTH = Other. 

 Portugal: aHBc and aHBs: All studies are IDUnk. HBsAg: Two of three studies are IDUnk (N=1520; 2.0% infected and N=3742; 3.4% infected)                                     

Sources:

 See Tables INF-114 and INF-115 and INF-0.  

 For references see Table INF-0. Bibliographic References-Part A: References for prevalence data       

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