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Table Prevalence-1. School surveys: Lifetime prevalence of psychoactive substance use among 15- to 16-year-old students

Country Ref. Notes Year Project Sample all ages Sample 15-16 years Cannabis (%) Inhalants/ volatiles (%) Amphet-amines (%) Ecstasy (%) LSD & other hallucino-gens (%) Cocaine (%) Heroin (%)
                           
Belgium (fl) (1)   1998 HBSC(WHO) 8667 na 18.9 3.8 3.3 5.0 1.7 1.0 0.7
Belgium (fl) (2)   1999 VAD 47657 na 24.1 4.2 6.5 4.0 4.2 1.9 0.9
Belgium (fl) (3)   2000 HBSC(WHO) 4989 na 20.7 3.6 3.3 2.6 3.0 1.2 0.6
Belgium (fl) (4)   2000 VAD 82375 na 23.9 3.8 5.3 3.6 3.6 1.8 1.0
Belgium (fl) (5)   2001-2002 VAD 35114 na 32.3 8.0 5.5 5.5 5.7 3.4 3.5
Belgium (fl) *   2002 HBSC(WHO)Ext 6289 2030 25.1 3.4 2.9 3.5 2.6 1.3 0.8
Belgium (fl) (7)   2002-2003 VAD 35407 na 31.2 6.9 4.1 4.2 4.4 1.9 2.2
Belgium (fr) (8)   1997-98 HBSC(WHO) 12987 na 26.2 4.5 4.9 5.1 1.6 1.4 1.5
Belgium (fr) **   2002 HBSC(WHO)Ext 4323 1381 25.9 4.0 1.0 4.0 6.0 2.0 1.0
Czech Republic *   1995 ESPAD   2962 22.0 8.0 2.0 0.0 3.0 1.0 1.0
Czech Republic *   1999 ESPAD   3579 35.0 7.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 1.0 3.0
Czech Republic ** (a) 2002 HBSC(WHO)Ext 5012 1660 30.5 7.3 2.0 4.5 3.0 na 1.2
Denmark * (b) 1995 ESPAD   2439 17.0 6.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.0
Denmark * (b) 1999 ESPAD   1790 24.0 7.0 4.0 3.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
Denmark **   2002 HBSC(WHO) 4672 1380 23.3 na na na na na na
Germany ** (c) 2002 HBSC(WHO) 5650 1749 23.9 na na na na na na
Estonia *   1995 ESPAD   3118 7.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
Estonia *   1999 ESPAD   3254 13.0 8.0 7.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.0
Estonia ** (d) 2002 HBSC(WHO) 3979 1267 17.2 na na na na na na
Greece (1) (e) 1995     2617 2.0 6.0 4.0 na 1.0 0.0 0.0
Greece (2)   1998   8557 na 10.2 13.7 3.6 1.8 2.6 1.6 0.8
Greece *   1999 ESPAD   2259 9.0 14.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.0
Greece **   2002 HBSC(WHO)Short 3807 1324 5.2 6.4 na 1.7 na na na
Spain (1) (f) 1996 PNSD 19191 na 24.6 3.4 4.1 4.4 5.4 2.5 0.8
Spain (2) (f) 1998 PNSD 18346 na 28.0 4.2 4.0 2.9 4.8 4.3 1.0
Spain (3) (f) 2000 PNSD 18348 na 30.0 4.0 3.4 5.4 4.6 4.1 0.6
Spain (4) (f) 2002 PNSD 25770   36.0 3.3 3.9 4.7 3.5 5.9 0.5
Spain **   2002 HBSC(WHO) 5827 1756 34.5 na na na na na na
France (1) (e) 1995     na 12.0 6.0 2.0 na 1.0 1.0 1.0
France (2) g) 1997   9919 na 23.0 5.5 1.9 2.5 na 1.5 1.4
France *   1999 ESPAD 12113 2284 35.0 11.0 2.3 3.0 1.0 1.5 1.0
France **   2002 HBSC(WHO)Ext 8185 2614 30.0 na na na na na na
Ireland *   1995 ESPAD   1849 37.0 na 3.0 9.0 13.0 2.0 2.0
Ireland (2)   1998   8497 na 21.7 13.0 4.2 2.8 3.4 2.2 1.8
Ireland *   1999 ESPAD   2277 32.0 22.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 2.0 2.0
Ireland **   2002 HBSC(WHO)Short 2875 919 19.7 na na na na na na
Italy *   1995 ESPAD   1555 19.0 8.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 3.0 2.0
Italy *   1999 ESPAD   4106 25.0 6.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.6 4.0
Italy (3) (o) 2000   21933 4587 28.4 4.9 1.3 2.9 2.5 2.7 4.9
Italy (4) (h) (o) 2001   22358 4485 27.0 5.4 0.9 1.3 1.6 1.5 2.2
Italy (5) (i) (o) 2002   16934 na 18.9 3.7 0.9 1.5 0.9 1.5 0.45
Italy **   2002 HBSC(WHO) 4386 1229 21.8 na na na na na na
Cyprus *   1995 ESPAD   632 5.0 7.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Cyprus *   1999 ESPAD   2095 2.0 na 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0
Latvia *   1995 ESPAD   2179 5.0 15.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
Latvia *   1999 ESPAD   2284 17.0 7.0 4.0 6.0 3.0 2.0 7.0
Latvia **   2002 HBSC(WHO) 3481 1117 11.9 na na na na na na
Lithuania *   1995 ESPAD   3196 1.0 18.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
Lithuania *   1999 ESPAD   5039 12.0 13.0 2.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 4.0
Lithuania **   2002 HBSC(WHO)Short 5645 1905 7.9 na na na na na na
Luxembourg (1) (j) 1999     562 37.1 na na 5.6 5.8 11.1 2.8
Luxembourg (2)   1999 HBSC(WHO) 7347 na 27.7 3.6 3.1 1.8 1.4 1.5 0.8
Hungary *   1995 ESPAD   2571 4.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
Hungary *   1999 ESPAD   6421 11.0 6.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 1.0 1.0
Hungary (3) (o) 2002   2187   15.4 2.9 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.2 3.2
Hungary **   2002 HBSC(WHO) 4164 1330 13.0 na na na na na na
Malta *   1995 ESPAD   2832 8.0 17.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0
Malta *   1999 ESPAD   4321 7.0 15.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Malta **   2002 HBSC(WHO) 1980 667 6.3 na na na na na na
Netherlands (1)   1996   10455 na 31.1 na 7.8 8.1 na 4.3 1.3
Netherlands (2) (k) 1999     2615 28.0 na 2.0 4.0 na 3.0 1.0
Netherlands **   2002 HBSC(WHO) 4269 1273 25.9 na na na na na na
Austria (1) (l) 1994   2250 na 9.5 na na na na 2.0 na
Austria **   2002 HBSC(WHO) 4472 1298 13.7 na na na na na na
Poland *   1995 ESPAD   8940 8.0 11.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0
Poland *   1999 ESPAD   na 14.0 10.0 7.0 3.0 4.0 2.0 5.0
Poland **   2002 HBSC(WHO)Ext 6383 2152 18.0 na na na na na na
Portugal *   1995 ESPAD   2033 7.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Portugal *   1999 ESPAD   3609 8.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 3.0
Portugal (3) (o) 2002     na na na na na na na na
Portugal ** (m) 2002 HBSC(WHO) 2940 802 19.7 na na na na na na
Slovenia *   1995 ESPAD   3306 13.0 14.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Slovenia *   1999 ESPAD   3184 25.0 15.0 1.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 2.0
Slovenia **   2002 HBSC(WHO) 3956 1069 28.3 na na na na na na
Slovak Republic *   1995 ESPAD   2376 9.0 8.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Slovak Republic *   1999 ESPAD   2442 19.0 8.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 0.0 2.0
Finland *   1995 ESPAD   2300 5.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
Finland *   1999 ESPAD   3286 10.0 5.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Finland **   2002 HBSC(WHO) 5388 1745 10.3 na na na na na na
Sweden *   1995 ESPAD   3472 6.0 12.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
Sweden (2) (o) 1998 CAN   5455 7.0 8.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Sweden *   1999 ESPAD   3445 8.0 8.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Sweden (4) (o) 2000 CAN   6000 8.0 9.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Sweden (5) (o) 2001 CAN   5500 7.0 8.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Sweden (6) (o) 2002 CAN   approx5000 7.0 8.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Sweden **   2002 HBSC(WHO) 3926 1226 7.1 na na na na na na
Sweden (8) (o) 2003 CAN   approx5000 6.0 7.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
United Kingdom *   1995 ESPAD   7722 41.0 20.0 13.0 8.0 14.0 3.0 2.0
United Kingdom (2)   1997   28756 na 37.5 4.0 7.3 3.0 3.2 1.5 0.7
United Kingdom *   1999 ESPAD   2641 35.0 15.0 8.0 3.0 5.0 3.0 3.0
U.K. (England) (1) (n) (p) 1998 ONS 4752 na 29.6 5.7 7.6 2.5 3.2 2.8 1.0
U.K. (England) (2) (p) 2000 ONS 7061 na 31.0 6.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 2.0 2.0
U.K. (England) (3) (p) 2001 ONS 9400 na 36.0 19.0 4.0 5.0 7.0 3.0 2.0
U.K. (England) (4) (p) 2002 ONS 9859 na 36.0 16.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 4.0 2.0
U.K. (England) **   2002 HBSC(WHO) 6081 1773 40.2 na na na na na na
U.K. (Scotland) (1) (p) 1998 Scottish Exc 3538 na 38.0 9.0 12.0 4.0 7.0 1.0 0.0
U.K. (Scotland) (2) (p) 2000 Scottish Exc 4700 na 28.0 5.0 2.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 1.0
U.K. (Scotland) (3) (p) 2002 Scottish Exc 23000 na na na na na na na na
U.K. (Scotland) **   2002 HBSC(WHO) 4404 1149 37.3 na na na na na na
U.K. (Wales) (1)   1998 HBSC(WHO) 1238 na 35.8 15.1 14.2 4.5 6.7 1.8 1.1
U.K. (Wales) (**)   2002 HBSC(WHO) 3887 1164 34.1 na na na na na na
Norway (*)   1995 ESPAD   3910 6.0 7.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Norway (*)   1999 ESPAD   3918 12.0 6.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 2.0
                           
Notes:                          
This table aims to present data on 15- to 16-year-old school students obtained from national surveys. Exceptionally, some relevant regional surveys are presented. In all of the school surveys, the method for data collection was classroom-based, anonymous, self-completion questionnaires in written test conditions.      
Figures from surveys with small sample sizes should be interpreted with caution.      
Previously published figures may have been revised and therefore are not necessarily comparable with those in previous EMCDDA publications.      
For methods and definions see [Methods and definitions - Schools surveys].      
       
ESPAD                
ESPAD (The European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs) 1995 and 1999 is co-ordinated by The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAN) and Council of Europe (Pompidou Group). ESPAD prevalence figures are reported rounded to the nearest whole percentage point (other sources supply percentages up to one decimal place). ESPAD data "heroin" refers to heroin smoking (not injecting) and "cocaine" does not include base/crack. For further details see www.espad.org.      
                           
HBSC (WHO)                
HBSC (Health behaviour in school-aged children) introduced mandatory cannabis questions for the first time in 2001/2002. Two optional extended questionnaires (Ext & Short) include other drugs. These questions are based on the ESPAD qustionnaire. Prior to 2001 some countries included their own drug questions in their HBSC surveys. It is co-ordinated by the Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K. in collaboration with the WHO regional office for Europe. For further details see www.hbsc.org.      
                           
(a) LSD & other hallucinogens: includes LSD only.      
(b) Caution is required comparing figures from Denmark as a large number of Danish schools and classes refused to participate.      
(c) HBSC German figures are based on regional samples only (Berlin, Hessen, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony).      
(d) Heroin: excludes heroin smoking.      
(e) Data included in 1995 ESPAD report but not strictly comparable (based on an earlier survey).      
(f) Ecstasy: includes other synthetic drugs. LSD & other hallucinogens: includes poppers/amyl nitrate.      
(g) Ecstasy: includes LSD.      
(h) Cocaine: includes cocaine powder only. Heroin: includes only by smoking heroin.      
(i) LSD & other hallucinogens: includes LSD only. Cocaine: includes cocaine powder only. Heroin: includes only by smoking heroin.      
(j) Interpret with caution as sample size is small.      
(k) Figures included in 1999 ESPAD report but not strictly comparable, as the sample was not drawn according to ESPAD guidelines.      
(l) Cocaine: includes 'hard' drugs.      
(m) Caution is required comparing figures from Portugal as the mean age of the sample is higher than in any other EU Member State.      
(n) Cocaine: includes cocaine powder only.      
(o) These school surveys make use of the ESPAD questionnaire. ESPAD methods are adopted to varying degrees.      
(p) Only 15-year-old students are included in U.K. ONS and Scottish Executive school surveys.      
                           
Sources:                          
For sources see [Table Prevalence-0. School surveys: Sources].      
                           
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